See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS See also:

• FRANCOIS VILLON (1431-c. 1463)

VILLON (1431-c. 1463)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French poet (whose real surname is a See also:

• MATTER

matter of much dispute, so that he is also called De Montcorbier and See also:

• DES

Des Loges and by other names, though in literature See also:

• VILLON, FRANCOIS (1431-c. 1463)

Villon is the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• TERM

term used), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1431, and, as it seems, certainly at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . The singular poems called Testaments, which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief if not his only certain See also:

• WORK

work, are largely autobiographical, though of course not fully See also:

• TRUST

trust-worthy . But his frequent collisions with the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law have See also:

• LEFT

left more certain records, which have of See also:

• LATE

late been ransacked with extraordinary care by students, especially by M . Longnon . It appears that he was born of poor folk, that his See also:

• FATHER

father died in his youth, but that his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, for whom he wrote one of his most famous ballades, was alive when her son was See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years old . The very name Villon was stated, and that by no mean authority, the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

Claude See also:

• FAUCHET, CLAUDE (1530-1601)
• FAUCHET, CLAUDE (1744-1793)

Fauchet, to be merely a See also:

• COMMON

common and not a proper noun, signifying " cheat " or " See also:

• RASCAL

rascal "; but this seems to be a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake . It is, however, certain that Villon was a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of loose See also:

• LIFE

life, and that he continued, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after there was any excuse for it in his years, the reckless way of living common among the wilder youth of the university of Paris . He appears to have derived his surname from a friend and benefactor named See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume de Villon, See also:

• CHAPLAIN

chaplain in the collegiate See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-See also:

• BENOIT, PETER LEONARD LEOPOLD (1834—1901)

Benoit-le-Bestourne, and a See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• CANON

canon law, who took Villon into his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . The poet became a student in arts, no doubt See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early, perhaps at about twelve years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, and took the degree of See also:

• BACHELOR (from Med. Lat. baccalarius, with its late and rare variant baccalaris—cf. Ital. baccalare—through O. Fr. bacheler)

bachelor in 1449 and that of See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master in 1452 . Between this See also:

• YEAR

year and 1455 nothing See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive is known of him, except that nothing was known against him . Attempts have been made, in the usual See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of conjectural See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography, to fill up the See also:

• GAP

gap with what a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• GRADUATE (Med. Lat. graduale, to admit to an academical degree, gradus)

graduate of Bohemian tendencies would, could, or might have done; but they are mainly futile . On the 5th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1455 the first important incident of his life that is known occurred .

Being in the See also:

• COMPANY

company of a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest named See also:

• GILES (GIL, GILLES), ST

Giles and a girl named Isabeau, he met, in the See also:

• RUE (Fr. rue, Lat. ruta, from Gr. pur)

rue Saint-Jacques, a certain See also:

• BRETON, BRITTON
• BRETON, JULES ADOLPHE

Breton, See also:

• JEAN

Jean le Hardi, a master of arts, who was with a priest, Philippe Chermoye or Sermoise or Sermaise . A scuffle ensued; daggers were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn; and Sermaise, who is accused of having threatened and attacked Villon and drawn the first See also:

• BLOOD

blood, not only received a See also:

• DAGGER

dagger-thrust in return, but a See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow from a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone which struck him down . Sermaise died of his wounds . Villon fled, and was sentenced to banishment—a See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence which was remitted in See also:

• JANUARY

January r456, the formal See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon being extant, strangely enough, in two different documents, in one of which the See also:

• CULPRIT

culprit is described as " See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois des Loges, autrement dit Villon," in the other as " Francois de Montcorbier." That he is also said to have described himself to the See also:

• BARBER (from Lat. barba, beard)

barber-surgeon who dressed his wounds as See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel Mouton is less surprising, and hardly needs an addition to the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of his aliases . It should, however, be said that the documents relative to this affair confirm the date of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, by representing him as twenty-six years old or thereabouts . By the end of 1456 he was again in trouble . In his first broil " la femme Isabeau " is onlygenerally named, and it is impossible to say whether she had anything to do with the See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel . In the second, See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine de Vaucelles, of whom we hear not a little in the poems, is the declared cause of a scuffle in which Villon was so severely beaten that, to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape ridicule, he fled to See also:

• ANGERS

Angers, where he had an See also:

• UNCLE

uncle who was a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk . It was before leaving Paris that he composed what is now known as the See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit testament, of which we shall speak presently with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his poems, and which, it should be said, shows little or no such See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of profound bitterness and regret for wasted life as does its in every sense greater successor the See also:

• GRAND

Grand testament . Indeed, Villon's serious troubles were only beginning, for hitherto he had been rather injured than guilty . About See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas-See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre was broken open, and five See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold crowns stolen . The See also:

• ROBBERY (from O. Fr. rober, to steal)

robbery was not discovered till See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1457, and it was not till May that the See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police came on the track of a gang of student-robbers owing to the indiscretion of one of them, See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy Tabarie .

A year more passed, when Tabarie, being arrested, turned See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence and accused Villon, who was then absent, of being the See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring-See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, and of having gone to Angers, partly at least, to arrange for similar burglaries there . Villon, for this or some other See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime, was sentenced to banishment: and he did not See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to return to Paris . In fact for four years he was a wanderer; and he may have been, as each of his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends See also:

• REGNIER, HENRI FRANCOIS JOSEPH DE (1864– )
• REGNIER, MATHURIN (1573–1613)

Regnier de Montigny and See also:

• COLIN, ALEXANDRE (1526-1612)

Colin des Cayeux certainly was, a member of a wandering thieves' gang . It is certain that at one time (in 1457), and probable that at more times than one, he was in See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles d'See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, and it is likely that he resided, at any See also:

• RATE

rate for some See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, at that See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince's See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court at See also:

• BLOIS

Blois . He had also something to do with another prince of the blood, Jean of See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon, and traces are found of him in See also:

• POITOU

Poitou, in See also:

• DAUPHINE

Dauphine, &c . But at his next certain See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance he is again in trouble . He tells us that he had spent the summer of 1461 in the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop's See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison (bishops were fatal to Villon) of Meung . His crime is not known, See also:

• BIT (from the verb " to bite," either in the sense of a piece bitten off, or an act of biting, or a thing that bites or is bitten)

bit is supposed to have been church-robbing; and his enemy, or at least See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge, was Thibault d'Aussigny, who held the see of Orleans . Villon owed his See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release to a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• GAOL, or JAIL

gaol-delivery at the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XI., and became a See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man again on the 2nd of See also:

• OCTOBER

October . It was now that he wrote the Grand testament, the work which has immortalized him . Although he was only thirty at the date (1461) of this See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition (which is unmistakable, because given in the See also:

• BOOK

book itself), there seems to be rio See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of aspiration towards a new life, nor even any hankering after the old . Nothing appears to be left him but regret; his very spirit has been worn out by excesses or sufferings or both .

Even his See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good intentions must have been feeble, for in the autumn of 1462 we find him once more living in the cloisters of Saint-Benoit, and in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November he was in the See also:

• CHATELET (from Med. Lat. castella)

Chatelet for See also:

• THEFT

theft . In See also:

• DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default of evidence the old See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the college of Navarre was revived, and even a royal pardon did not See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar the demand for restitution . See also:

• BAIL

Bail was, however, accepted, but Villon See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell promptly into a See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street quarrel, was arrested, tortured and condemned to be hanged, but the sentence was commuted to banishment by the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement on the 5th of January 1463 . The actual event is unknown: but from this time he disappears from See also:

• HISTORY

history . See also:

• RABELAIS, FRANCOIS (c. 1490—1553)

Rabelais indeed tells two stories about him which have almost necessarily been dated later . One is a countryside See also:

• ANECDOTE (from av-, privative, and isSLSwµu, to give out or publish)

anecdote of a See also:

• TRICK

trick supposed to have been played by the poet in his old age at Saint Maixent in Poitou, whither he had retired . The other, a coarse but pointed jest at the expense of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, is told as having been addressed by Villon to KingEdward V. during an See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile in that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Now, even if King See also:

• EDWARD

Edward V. were not evidently out of the question, a passage of the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story refers to the well-known See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and man of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• LINACRE (or LYNAKER), THOMAS (c. 146o-1524)

Linacre, as court physician to the king, and makes Villon mention him, whereas Linacre was only a young scholar, not merely at the time of Edward V.'s supposed See also:

• MURDER

murder, but at the extreme date (1489) which can be assigned to Villon's life . For in this year the first edition of the poet's work appeared, obviously not published by himself, and with no sign in it of his having lived later than the date (1461) of the Grand testament . It would be easy to dismiss these Rabelaisian mentions of Villon as See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere humorous inventions, if it were not that the author of Pantagruel was born almost soon enough to have actually seen Villon if he had lived to anything that could be called old age, that he almost certainly must have known men who had known Villon, and that the poet undoubtedly spent much time in Rabelais's own country on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• LOIRE

Loire . The obscurity, the unhappiness and the evil repute of Villon's life would not be in themselves a See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for the See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute investigation to which the events of that life have been subjected, and the result of which has been summed up here . But his poetical work, scanty as the certainly genuine See also:

• PART

part of it is, is of such extraordinary quality, and marks such an See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch in the history of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European literature, that he has been at all times an interesting figure, and, like all very interesting figures, has been often praised for qualities quite other than those which he really possessed .

Boileau's famous verses, in which Villon is extolled for having first known how to smooth out the confused See also:

• ART

art of the old romancers, are indeed a See also:

• PRODIGY

prodigy of blundering or See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance or both . As far as art or the technical part of See also:

• POETRY

poetry goes, Villon made not the slightest advance on his predecessors, nor stood in any way in front of such contemporaries as his See also:

• PATRON

patron Charles d'Orleans . His two Testaments (so called by the application to them of a See also:

• REGULAR

regular class-name of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval poetry and consisting of See also:

• BURLESQUE (Ital. burlesco, from burla, a joke, fun, playful trick)

burlesque legacies to his acquaintances) are made up of eight-See also:

• LINE

line stanzas of eight-syllabled verses, varied in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the Grand testament by the insertion of ballades and rondeaux of very See also:

• GREAT

great beauty and See also:

• INTEREST

interest, but not formally different in any way from poems of the same kind for more than a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century past . What really distinguishes Villon is the intenser quality of his poetical feeling and expression, and what is perhaps arrogantly called the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of his subjects and thought . Medieval poetry, with rare exceptions, and, with exceptions not quite so rare, classical poetry, are distinguished by their lack of what is now called the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note . In Villon this note sounds, struck with singular force and skill . Again, the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple joy of living which distinguishes both periods—the medieval, despite a common See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, scarcely less than the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient—has disappeared . Even the See also:

• RIOT (0. Fr. riote, of uncertain etymology)

riot and rollicking of his earlier days are mentioned with far less relish of remembrance than sense of their vanity . This sense of vanity, indeed, not of the merely religious, but of the purely mundane and even See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan kind, is Villon's most prominent characteristic . It tinges his narrative, despite its burlesque bequests, all through; it is the very keynote of his most famous and beautiful piece, the See also:

• BALLADE

Ballade des dames du temps jadis, with its refrain, " Mais ou sont See also:

• LES

les neiges d'antan ? " as well as of his most daring piece of See also:

• REALISM (from Low Lat. realis, appertaining to res, things, as opposed to ideas and imaginations)

realism, the other ballade of La See also:

• GROSSE, JULIUS WALDEMAR (1828—1902)

Grosse Margot, with its See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden of hopeless entanglement in shameless See also:

• VICE

vice . It is nowhere more clearly sounded than in the piece which ranks with these two at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of his work, the Regrets de la Belle Heaulmiere, in which a woman, once young and beautiful, now old and withered, laments her lost charms .

So it is almost throughout his poems, including the grim Ballade des pendus, and hardly excluding the very beautiful Ballade pour sa mere, with its description of sincere and humble piety . It is in the profound See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy which the dominance of this note has thrown over Villon's work, and in the suitableness of that melancholy to the See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper of all generations since, that his See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power have consisted, though it is difficult to conceive any time at which his poetical merit could be ignored . His certainly genuine poems consist of the two Testaments with their See also:

• CODICIL (Lat. codicillus, a little book or tablet, diminutive of codex)

codicil (the latter containing the Ballade des pendus, or more properly Epitaphe en forme de ballade, and some other pieces of a similarly grim See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour), a few See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous poems, chiefly ballades, and an extraordinary collection (called Le See also:

• JARGON

Jargon ou jobelin) of poems in argot, the greater part of which is now totally unintelligible, if, which may perhaps be doubted, it ever was otherwise . Besides these, several poems of no inconsiderable interest are usually printed with Villon's See also:

• WORKS

works, though they are certainly, or almost certainly, not his . The chief are Les Repues Franches, a curious See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse stories of See also:

• CHEATING

cheating See also:

• TAVERN

tavern-keepers, &c., having some resemblance to those told of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• PEELE, GEORGE (1558-c. 1598)

Peele, but of a broader and coarser humour . These, though in many cases " common form " of the broader See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale-kind, are not much later than his time, and evidence to reputation if not to fact . Another of these See also:

• SPURIOUS

spurious pieces is the extremely amusing See also:

• MONOLOGUE (from Gr. µovos, alone, and X yos, speech)

monologue of the See also:

• FRANC

Franc Archier de Bagnolet, in which one of the newly constituted archers or regularly trained and paid soldiery, who were extremely unpopular in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, is made to expose his own poltroonery . The third most important piece of this kind is the See also:

• DIALOGUE

Dialogue de Mallepaye et de Basllevent, a. dramatic conversation between two penniless spendthrifts, which is not without merit . These poems, however, were never attributed to Villon or printed with his works till far into the 16th century . It has been said that the first dated edition of Villon is of 1489, though some have held one or more than one undated copy to be still earlier . Between the first, whenever it was, and 1542 there were very numerous See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, the most famous being that (1533)of See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement See also:

• MAROT
• MAROT, DANIEL (seventeenth century)

Marot, one of whose most See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable distinctions is the care he took of his poetical predecessors . The Pleiade See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement and the classicizing of the grand siecle put Villon rather out of favour, and he was not again reprinted till early in the 18th century, when he attracted the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of students of old French like Le Duchat, See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard de la Monnoye and Prosper Marchand .

The first See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical edition in the modern sense—that is to say, an edition founded on See also:

• MSS

MSS . (of which there are in Villon's case several, chiefly at Paris and See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm)—was that of the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe J . H . R . Prompsault in 1832 . The next was that of the " Bibliophile See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob " (P . See also:

• LACROIX, ANTOINE FRANCOIS ALFRED (1863— )
• LACROIX, PAUL (1806—1884)

Lacroix) in the Bibliotkeque Elzevirienne (Paris, 1854) . The See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard edition is (Euvres completes de Francois Villon, by M . Auguste Longnon (1892) . This contains copies of the documents on which the story of Villon's life is based, and a bibliography . The late M . See also:

• MARCEL, ETIENNE (d: 1358)

Marcel Schwob discovered new documents See also:

• RELATING

relating to the poet, but died before he could See also:

• COMPLETE

complete his work, which was posthumously published in 1905 .

See also A . Campaux, F . Villon, sa See also:

• VIE

vie et ses oeuvres (1859) ; A . Longnon, Etude biographique (1877); and especially G . Paris, Francois Villon (1901), a book of the first merit . A complete See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of Villon was written by Mr See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• PAYNE, PETER (c. 138o-1455)

Payne (1878) for the Villon Society . There are also See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of individual poems in Mr See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• LANG, KARL HEINRICH, RITTER VON (1764-1835)

Lang's See also:

• BALLADS

Ballads and Lyrics of Old France (1872) and in the works of D . G . See also:

• ROSSETTI, CHRISTINA GEORGINA (1830-1894)
• ROSSETTI, DANTE GABRIEL (1828-1882)

Rossetti and Mr See also:

• SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES (1837–1909)

Swinburne . Among critical studies of Villon may be mentioned those by Sainte-Beuve in the Causeries du lundi, vol. xiv., by See also:

• THEOPHILE

Theophile See also:

• GAUTIER
• GAUTIER, EMILE THEODORE LEON (1832-1897)
• GAUTIER, THEOPHILE (1811-1872)

Gautier in Grotesques, and by R . L . See also:

• STEVENSON, ADLA1 EWING (1835- )
• STEVENSON, ROBERT (1772-1850)
• STEVENSON, ROBERT LEWIS BALFOUR (1850-1894)

Stevenson in his See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

Familiar Studies of Men and Books (1882) .

An unedited ballad by Vilton, with another by an unknown poet of the same date, was published by W . G . C . Bijvanck (1891 as Un poete inconnu . M . See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre d'Alheim published (1892) an edition of Le Jargon with a translation into See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary French . (G .