See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

VINCENT OF See also:

• BEAUVAIS

BEAUVAIS, or VINCENTIUS BELLOVACENSIS (c. 1190-c. 1264)  , the encyclopaedist of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, was probably a native of See also:

• BEAUVAIS

Beauvais.' The exact See also:

• DATES

dates of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth and See also:

• DEATH

death are unknown . A tolerably old tradition, preserved by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis a Valleoleti (c . 1413), gives the latter as 1264;2 but Tholornaeus de Luca, See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent's younger contemporary (d . 1321), seems to reckon him as living during the pontificate of See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory X . (1271-76) . If we assume 1264 as the See also:

• YEAR

year of his death, the immense See also:

• VOLUME

volume of his See also:

• WORKS

works forbids us to think he could have been See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born much later than 1190 . Very little is known of his career . A plausible conjecture makes him enter the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of the See also:

• DOMINICANS

Dominicans at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris between 1215 and 1220, from which See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place a second conjecture carries him to the Dominican monastery founded at Beauvais in 1228-29 . There is no See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to show that the Vincent who was sub-See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior of this See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation in 1246 is the encyclopaedist; nor indeed is it likely that a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of such abnormally studious habits could have found See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to attend to the daily business routine of a monastic See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment . It is certain, however, that he at one time held the See also:

• POST

post of " reader " at the monastery of Royaumont (See also:

• MONS (Flemish Bergen)

Mons Regalis), not far from Paris, on the See also:

• OISE

Oise, founded by St Louis between 1228 and 1235 . St Louis read the books that he compiled, and supplied the funds for procuring copies of such authors as he required for his compilations . See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret, her son See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip and her son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• THEOBALD, (d. 1161)
• THEOBALD, LEWIS (1688-1744)

Theobald V. of See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne and See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre, are also named among those who urged him to the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of his " little works," especially the De Institution Principum .

Though Vincent may well have been summoned to Royaumont even before 1240, there is no actual See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that he lived there before the return of Louis IX. and his wife from the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LAND

Land, See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the summer of 1254 . But it is evident that he must have written his See also:

• WORK

work De Fruditione Filiorum Regalium (where he styles himself as " Vincentius Belvacensis, de ordine praedicatorum, qualiscumque See also:

• LECTOR, or READER

lector in monasterio de Regali See also:

• MONTE

Monte ") after this date and yet before See also:

• JANUARY

January 1260, the approximate date of his Tractatus Consoiatorius . When he wrote the latter work he must have See also:

• LEFT

left Royaumont, as he speaks of returning from the funeral of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Louis (15th January 126o) " ad nostram domum," a phrase which can hardly be explained otherwise than as referring to his own Dominican house, whether at Beauvais or elsewhere . The See also:

• SPECULUM

Speculum Majus, the See also:

• GREAT

great compendium of all the knowledge of the middle ages, as it left the See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen of Vincent, seems to have consisted of three parts only, viz. the Speculum Naturale, Doctrinale and Historiale . Such, at least, is Echard's conclusion, derived from an examination of the earliest extant See also:

• MSS

MSS . All the printed See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, however, consist of four parts, the additional one being entitled Speculum Morale . This has been clearly shown to be the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of a later See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and-is ascribed by Echard to the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period between 13io and 1325 . In arrangement and See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style it is quite different from I He is sometimes styled Vincentius Burgundus; but, according to M . See also:

• DAUNOU, PIERRE CLAUDE FRANCOIS (1761-1840)

Daunou, this appellation cannot be traced back further than the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . s Apparently confirmed by the few enigmatical lines preserved by Echaro from his See also:

• EPITAPH (Gr. it oa¢cos, sc. X/yos, from bri, upon, and ra¢os, a tomb)

epitaph " Pertullt iste necem post annos mine ducentos, Sexaginta decem See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex habe, sex mihi retentos." the other three parts, and indeed it is mainly a compilation from See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• AQUINAS, THOMAS [Thomas of AQUIN or AQUINO], (c 1227--1274)

Aquinas, See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen de See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon, and two or three other contemporary writers . The Speculum Naturale fills a bulky See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio volume of 848 closely printed See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double-columned pages . It is divided into See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-two books and 3718 chapters .

It is a vast See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of all the natural See also:

• HISTORY

history known to western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe towards the middle of the 13th century . It is, as it were, the great See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, whose See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor and walls are inlaid with an enormous See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic of skilfully arranged passages from Latin, See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek, Arabic, and even See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew authors . To each See also:

• QUOTATION

quotation, as he borrows it, Vincent prefixes the name of the See also:

• BOOK

book and author from whom it is taken, distinguishing, however, his own remarks by the word " actor." The Speculum Naturale is so constructed that the various subjects are dealt with according to the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of their creation; it is in fact a gigantic commentary on See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

Genesis i . Thus book i. opens with an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the Trinity and its relation to creation; then follows a similar See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of chapters about angels, their attributes, See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, orders, &c., down to such See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute points as their methods of communicating thought, on which See also:

• MATTER

matter the author decides, in his own See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, that they have a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of intelligible speech, and that with angels to think and to speak are not the same See also:

• PROCESS

process . The whole book, in fact, deals with such things as were with See also:

• GOD

God " in the beginning." Book ii. treats of our own See also:

• WORLD

world, of See also:

• LIGHT

light, See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, the four elements, See also:

• LUCIFER (d. 370/1)
• LUCIFER (the Latinized form of Gr. 4scwo'4 bpos, " light-bearer ")

Lucifer and his fallen angels, thus corresponding in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main with the sensible world and the work of the first See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . Books iii. and iv. See also:

• DEAL

deal with the phenomena of the heavens and of time, which is measured by the motions of the heavenly bodies, with the See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky and all its wonders, See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain, See also:

• THUNDER

thunder, See also:

• DEW

dew, winds, &c . Books v.—xiv. treat of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea and the dry land : they discourse of the seas, the ocean and the great See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, agricultural operations, metals, See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious stones, See also:

• PLANTS

plants, herbs, with their seeds, grains and juices, trees See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild and cultivated, their fruits and their saps . Under each See also:

• SPECIES

species, where possible, Vincent gives a See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter on Its use in See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, and he adopts for the most See also:

• PART

part an alphabetical arrangement . In book vi. c . 7 he incidentally discusses what would become of a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone if it were dropped down a hole, pierced right through the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, and, curiously enough, decides that it would stay in the centre . Book xv. deals with See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy—the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon, stars, and the See also:

• ZODIAC (o i'w&arcds rvKcXor, from d,&ov, " a little animal ")

zodiac, the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, the See also:

• PLANETS, MINOR

planets, the seasons and the See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar . Books xvi. and treat of fowls and fishes, mainly in alphabetical order and with reference to their medical qualities .

Books xviii -xxii. deal in a similar way with domesticated and wild animals, including the See also:

• DOG

dog, serpents, bees and See also:

• INSECTS

insects; they also include a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology spread over books xxi.-xxii . Books See also:

• XXIII

xxiii.—See also:

• XXVIII

xxviii. discuss the See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

psychology, physiology and See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy of man, the five senses and their See also:

• ORGANS

organs, See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep, dreams, See also:

• ECSTASY (Gr. iarra(TLc, from i LarliU, put out of its place, alter)

ecstasy, memory, See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, &c . The remaining four books seem more or less supplementary ; the last (xxxii.) is a summary of See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography and history down to the year 1250, when the book seems to have been given to the world, perhaps along with the Speculum Historiale and possibly an earlier See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the Speculum Doetrinale . The Speculum Doctrinale, in seventeen books and 2374 chapters, is a summary of all the scholastic knowledge of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and does not confine itself to natural history . It is intended to be a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• MANUAL

manual for the student and the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official alike; and, to fulfil this See also:

• OBJECT

object, it treats of the mechanic arts of See also:

• LIFE

life as well as the subtleties of the See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, the duties of the prince and the See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics of the general . The first book, after defining See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, &c., gives a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long Latin vocabulary of some 6000 or 7000 words . See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

Grammar, See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic, See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric and See also:

• POETRY

poetry are discussed in books ii. and iii., the latter including several well-known fables, such as the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion and the See also:

• MOUSE

mouse . Book iv. treats of the virtues, each of which has two chapters of quotations allotted to it, one in See also:

• PROSE

prose and the other in See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse . Book v. is of a somewhat similar nature . With book vi. we enter on, the practical part of the work; it deals with the ars oeconomica, and gives directions for See also:

• BUILDING

building, gardening, See also:

• SOWING (from "to sow," O. Eng. shwan, cf. Du. zaaijen, Ger. saen, &c.; the root is seen in Lat. severe, cf. "seed")

sowing, See also:

• REAPING (from O.E. rypan, rypan, probably allied to " ripe," mature, i.e. " fit for reaping "; the cognate forms are found in other languages)

reaping, rearing See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and tending vineyards; it includes also a kind of agricultural See also:

• ALMANAC

almanac for each See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month in the year . Books vii.—ix. have reference to the ars politica: they contain rules for the See also:

• EDUCATION

education of a prince and a summary of the forms, terms and statutes of canonical, See also:

• CIVIL

civil and criminal law . Book xi. is devoted to the artes mechanicae, viz. those of weavers, smiths, armourers, merchants, hunters, and even the general and the sailor .

Books xii.—xiv. deal with medicine both in practice and in theory: they contain practical rules for the preservation of See also:

• HEALTH

health according to the four seasons of the year, and treat of various diseases from See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever to See also:

• GOUT

gout . Book xv. deals with physics and may be regarded as a summary of the Speculum Naturale . Book xvi. is given up to See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, under which See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head are included See also:

• MUSIC

music, See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry, astronomy, See also:

• ASTROLOGY

astrology. weights and See also:

• MEASURES

measures, and See also:

• METAPHYSICS
• METAPHYSICS, or METAPHYSIC (from Gr. /sera, after, d v med, things of nature, lots, i.e. the natural universe)

metaphysics . It is noteworthy that In this book Vincent shows a knowledge of the Arabic numerals, though he does not See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call them by this name . With him the unit is termed " digitus "; when multiplied by ten it becomes the " articulus "; while the See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of the articulus and the digitus is the " numerus compositus." In this chapter (xvi . 9), which is super, scribed " actor," he clearly explains 12.ow the value of a number increases tenfold with every place it is moved to the left . He is even acquainted with the later invention of the " cifra " or See also:

• CIPHER, or CYPHER (from Arab. sifr, void)

cipher The last book (xvii.) treats of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology or (as we should now say) See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, and winds up with an account of the Holy Scriptures and of the Fathers, from See also:

• IGNATIUS ('Iyvfrior)

Ignatius and See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius the Areopagite to See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome and Gregory the Great, and even of later writers from Isidore and Becle, through See also:

• ALCUIN (Marmara)

Alcuin, See also:

• LANFRANC (d. 1089)

Lanfranc and See also:

• ANSELM
• ANSELM (c. 1033-1109)

Anselm, down to See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard of See also:

• CLAIRVAUX

Clairvaux and the brethren of St See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor . As the fifteenth book of the Speculum Doctrinale is a summary of the Speculum Naturale, so the Speculum Historiale may be regarded as the expansion of the last book of the same work . It consists of thirty-one books divided into 3793 chapters . The first book opens with the mysteries of God and the angels, and then passes on to the works of the six days and the creation of man . It includes See also:

• DISSERTATIONS

dissertations on the various vices and virtues, the different arts and sciences, and carries down the history of the world to the sojourn in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . The next eleven books (ii.–xii.) conduct us through sacred and See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular history down to the See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity under See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine .

The See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of Barlaam and Josaphat occupies a great part of book xv.; and book xvi. gives an account of See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel's nine kingdoms, in which account Vincent differs from his professed authority, See also:

• SIGEBERT (d. 575)

Sigebert of See also:

• GEMBLOUX

Gembloux, by reckoning See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England as the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth instead of the fifth . In the chapters devoted to the origines of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain he relies on the See also:

• BRUTUS (originally an adjective meaning " heavy," "stupid," kindred with Gr. aap(s, cf. Eng. " brute," " brutal")

Brutus See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, but cannot carry his See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue of See also:

• BRITISH

British or See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings further than 735, where he honestly confesses that his authorities fail him . Seven more books bring us to the rise of See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet (xxiii.) and the days of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne (See also:

• XXIV

xxiv.) . Vincent's Charlemagne is a curious medley of the great See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of history and the See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of See also:

• ROMANCE

romance . He is at once the gigantic eater of See also:

• TURPIN (d. c. 800)
• TURPIN, FRANCOIS HENRI (17og-1799)
• TURPIN, RICHARD [Drcx] (1706-1739)

Turpin, the huge See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior eight feet high, who could lift the armed See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight See also:

• STANDING

standing on his open hand to a level with his head, the crusading conqueror of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem in days before the See also:

• CRUSADES

crusades, and yet with all this the temperate drinker and admirer of St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, as his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character had filtered down through various channels from the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical pages of See also:

• EINHARD (c. 770–840)

Einhard . Book See also:

• XXV

xxv. includes the first crusade, and in the course of book See also:

• XXIX

xxix., which contains an account of the See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars, the author enters on what is almost contemporary history, winding up in book xxxi. with a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short narrative of the crusade ,of St Louis in 1250 . One remarkable feature of the Speculum Hisloriale is Vincent's See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of devoting several chapters to selections from the writings of each great author, whether secular or, profane, as he mentions him in the course of his work . The extracts from See also:

• CICERO

Cicero and See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid, See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen and St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, Chrysostor6, Augustine and Jerome are but specimens of a useful See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom which reaches its culminating point in book xxviii., which is devoted entirely to the writings of St Bernard . One main See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault of the Speculum Historiale is the unduly large space devoted to miracles . Four of the medieval historians from whom he quotes most frequently are Sigebert of Gembloux, See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh of See also:

• FLEURY [ABRAHAM JOSEPH BENARD] (1750-.1822)
• FLEURY, ANDRE HERCULE DE (1653-1743)
• FLEURY, CLAUDE (1640-1723)

Fleury, Helinand of Froidmont, and See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of See also:

• MALMESBURY
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HARRIS, IST EARL OF (1746-1820)
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HOWARD HARRIS, 3RD EARL OF (1807-1889)

Malmesbury, whom he uses for See also:

• CONTINENTAL

Continental as well as for English history . Vincent has thus hardly any claim to be reckoned as an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original writer . But it is difficult to speak too highly of his immense See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting, classifying and arranging these three huge volumes of 8o books and 9885 chapters .

The undertaking to combine all human knowledge into a single whole was in itself a See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal one and could only have been born in a mind of no mean order . Indeed more than six centuries passed before the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea was again resuscitated; and even then it required a See also:

• GROUP

group of brilliant See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French-men to do what the old Dominican had carried out unaided . The number of writers quoted by Vincent is almost incredible: in the Speculum Naturale alone no less than 350 distinct works are cited, and to these must be added at least zoo more for the other two Specula . His See also:

• READING

reading ranges from Arabian philosophers and naturalists to See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius, Cicero, See also:

• SENECA

Seneca, See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar (whom he calls Julius See also:

• CELSUS (c. A.D. 178)

Celsus), and even the See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew, See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso . But Hebrew, Arabic and Greek he seems to have known solely through one or other of the popular Latin versions . He admits that his quotations are not always exact, but asserts that this was the fault of careless copyists . A See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of Vincent's works, both MS. and printed, will be found in the Histoire liltcraire de See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, vol. xviii., and in Jacques Echard's Scr i ptores o-d in is praedicatorum (1719–21) . The Tractatusconsolatorius See also:

• PRO

pro morte See also:

• AMICI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1786-1863)

amici and the See also:

• LIBER

Liber de eruditione filiorum regaliuni (dedicated to Queen Margaret) were printed at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1480 . The Liber de Institutione Principunr, a treatise on the duties of kings and their functionaries, has never yet been printed, and the only MS. copy the writer of this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article has been able to consult does not contain in its See also:

• PROLOGUE (from Gr. 7rpo, before, and Myer, a word)

prologue all the See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information which Echoed seems to imply is to be found there . The so-called first edition of the Speculum bfajus, including the Speculum Morale, ascribed to Johann Mentelin and long celebrated as the earliest work printed at See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, has lately been challenged as being only an earlier edition of Vincent's three genuine Specula (c . 1468–7o), with which has been See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound up the Speculum Morale first printed by Mentelin (c . 1473-76) .

The edition most frequently quoted is that by the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits (4 vols., See also:

• DOUAI

Douai, 1624) . See J . B . Bourgeat, Etudes sur Vincent de Beauvais, theologien, philosophe, encyclopidiste (Paris . 1856); E . Boutaric, Examen See also:

• DES

des See also:

• SOURCES

sources du Speculum historiale de Vincent de Beauvais (Paris, 1863), and in tome xvii. of the Revue des questions historiques (Paris, 1875) W . See also:

• WATTENBACH, WILHELM (1819–1897)

Wattenbach, Deutschlands Geschirhtsquellen. vol. ii . (1894 . B . See also:

• HAUREAU, (JEAN) BARTHELEMY (1812-1896)

Haureau, Notices de MSS. latins de la . Bibliotheque Nationale, tome v . (1892) ; and E .

Male, L'artreligieuxdu XIII' siicle en France . (T . A .