See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

PAUL See also:

• MARIE

MARIE See also:

• PAUL MARIE VIOLLET (184o- )

VIOLLET (184o- )  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French historian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• TOURS

Tours on the 24th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 184o . After serving his native See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city as secretary and archivist, he became archivist to the See also:

• NATIONAL

national archives in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1866, and later librarian to the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . In 1890 he was appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• CIVIL

civil and See also:

• CANON

canon law at the ecole See also:

• DES

des chartes . His See also:

• WORK

work mainly concerns the See also:

• HISTORY

history of law and institutions, and on this subject he published two valuable and scholarly books—See also:

• DROIT (Fr. for " right," from Lat. directus, straight)

Droit public: Histoire des institutions politiques et administratives de la See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France (189o-98), and Precis de l'histoire du droit frangais (1886) . See also:

• VIOLLET, PAUL MARIE (184o- )

VIOLLET-LE-DUC .. See also:

• EUGENE

EUGENE See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

EMMANUEL (1814-1879), French architect and writer on See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology, was born in Paris on the 21st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1814 . He was a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of Achille Leclere, and in 1836-37 spent a See also:

• YEAR

year studying See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture in See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . His See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• INTEREST

interest was, however, in the See also:

• ART

art of the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, and, like See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, he was employed to "restore " some of the chief See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval buildings of France, his earliest See also:

• WORKS

works being the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of See also:

• VEZELAY

Vezelay, various churches at See also:

• POISSY
• POISSY, COLLOQUY OF

Poissy, St See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel at See also:

• CARCASSONNE

Carcassonne, the church of Semur in Cote-d'Or, and the See also:

• FINE

fine Gothic See also:

• TOWN

town halls of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-Antonin and See also:

• NARBONNE

Narbonne, all carried out between 184o and 1850 . From 1845 to 1856 he was occupied on the restoration of Notre See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame in Paris in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with Lassus,l and also with that of the abbey of St See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis . In 1849 he began the restoration of the fortifications of Carcassonne and of See also:

• AMIENS

Amiens See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral; and in later years he restored See also:

• LAON

Laon cathedral, the See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau of See also:

• PIERREFONDS

Pierrefonds, and many other important buildings . He was an intimate friend of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon III., and during the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Paris (1871) gave valuable help as an engineer to the beleaguered See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . He held many important offices, both See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic and See also:

• POLITICAL

political, and was for many years inspector-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient buildings throughout a large See also:

• PART

part of France .

His last work was the general See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme ' He published in 1867-69 a fine work showing his not very successful coloured decoration applied to the chapels of Notre Dame . for the Paris See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition buildings in 1878 . He died on the 17th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1879 at See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne . As a designer Viollet-le-Duc occupied only a secondary See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place; but as a writer on medieval architecture and the kindred arts he takes the highest See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . His two See also:

• GREAT

great dictionaries are the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard works in their class, and are most beautifully illustrated with very skilful drawings by his own See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . Violletle-Duc was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of the most varied and brilliant abilities, endowed with a See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of work which has seldom been equalled . He was at once an artist, a man of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, a learned archaeologist and a See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar . The See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map in his Le See also:

• MASSIF

Massif du Mont See also:

• BLANC, (JEAN JOSEPH CHARLES) LOUIS (1811-1882)
• BLANC, MONT

Blanc, showing the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock contours and the glaciers of Mont Blanc, is a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of its See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, which combines great artistic beauty with the accuracy of the most skilful engineer . His strong poetical See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy enabled him to reconstruct the See also:

• LIFE

life and buildings of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages in the most vivid way . His See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• LITERARY

literary works were the Dictionnaire de l'architecture francaise du XI. au X VI. siPcle (1854-68) ; Dictionnaire du mobilier See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

francais (1858-75); L'Architecture militaire au moyen ige (1854); Entretiens See also:

• SUS

sus l'architecture (1863-72) ; Cites et ruins americaines (1863) ; Memoire sur la defense de Paris (I871); Habitations moderns (1874- 77) ; Histoire dune maison (1873) ; Histoire d'une forteresse (1874) ; Histoire de 1'habitation humaine (1875) ; Le Massif du Mont Blanc (1876) ; L'Art russe (1877) ; Histoire d'un hotel-de-ville et d'une cathedrale (1878) ; La Decoration appliquee aux edifices (1879); as well as many See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor works dealing with See also:

• SEPARATE

separate buildings .