POLYDORE See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• POLYDORE VIRGIL (c. 1470-1555)

VIRGIL (c. 1470-1555)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English historian, of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian extraction, otherwise known as P . V . CASTELLENSIS, was a kinsman of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian Castellensis, a native of See also:

• CASTRO, INEZ DE (d. 1355)
• CASTRO, JOAO DE (1500-1548)

Castro in See also:

• ETRURIA

Etruria . His See also:

• FATHER

father's name is said to have been See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil; his See also:

• GREAT

great-grandfather, See also:

• ANTHONY, SAINT
• ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1906)

Anthony Virgil, " a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man well skilled in See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and See also:

• ASTROLOGY

astrology," had professed See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, as did Polydore's own See also:

• BROTHER

brother and protege See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew Virgil, at See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia, in 1517 . A third brother was a See also:

• LONDON

London See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant in 1511 . Polydore was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• URBINO (anc. Urvinum Mataurense)

Urbino, is said to have been educated at See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, and was probably in the service of Guido Ubaldo, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Urbino, before 1498, as in the See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication of his first See also:

• WORK

work, See also:

• LIBER

Liber Proverbiorum (See also:

• APRIL

April 1498), he styles himself this See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince's client . Polydore's second See also:

• BOOK

book, De Inventorjbus Rerum, is dedicated to Guido's See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor, Ludovicus Odaxius, from Urbino, in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1499 . After being See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain to See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander VI. he came to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 15os as See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's pence for the cardinal . As Hadrian's See also:

• PROXY (short for " procuracy ")

proxy, he was enthroned See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath and See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

Wells in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1504 . It was at See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VII.'s instance that he commenced his H istoria Anglica—a work which, though seemingly begun as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1505, was not completed till August 1533, the date of its dedication to Henry VIII., nor published till 1534 . In May 1514 he and his See also:

• PATRON

patron the cardinal are found supporting See also:

• WOLSEY, THOMAS (c. 1475–1530)

Wolsey's claims to the cardinalship, but he had lost the great See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister's favour before the See also:

• YEAR

year was out . A rash See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter, reflecting severely on Henry VIII, and Wolsey, was intercepted early in 1515, after which Polydore was See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast into See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison and supplanted in his collectorship (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March and April) .

He was not without some powerful supporters, as both See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici and See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo X. wrote to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king on his behalf . From his prison he sent an abject and almost blasphemous letter to the offended minister, begging that the fast approaching See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas—a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time which witnessed the restitution of a See also:

• WORLD

world—might see his See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon also . He was set at See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty before Christmas 1515, though he never regained his collector-See also:

• SHIP

ship . In 1525 he published the first edition of See also:

• GILDAS, or GILDUS (c. 516–J70)

Gildas, dedicating the work to See also:

• TUNSTALL
• TUNSTALL (or TONSTALL), CUTHBERT (1474-1559)

Tunstall, bishop of London . Next year appeared his Liber de Prodigiis, dedicated from London (See also:

• JULY

July) to See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco Maria, duke of Urbino . Somewhere about 1538 he See also:

• LEFT

left England, and remained in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy for some time . See also:

• ILL

Ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health, he tells us, forbade him on his return to continue his See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of making daily notes on contemporary events . About the end of 1551 he went See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home to Urbino, where he appears to have died in 1555 . He had been naturalized an Englishman in October 151o, and had held several clerical appointments in England . In 1508 he was appointed See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon of Wells, and in 1513 See also:

• PREBENDARY (Lat. praebendo = give or grant, through Low Lat. praebenda)

prebendary of Oxgate in St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, both of which offices he held afl:r his return to Urbino . The first edition of the Historia Anglica (twenty-six books) was printed at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel in 1534; the twenty-seventh book, dealing with the reign of Henry VIII. down to the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VI . (October 1536), was added to the third edition of 1555 .

Polydore claims to have been very careful in See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting materials for this work, and takes See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit for using See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign historians as well as English; for which See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, he remarks, the English, Scotch and See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French will find several things reported in his pages far differently from the way in which they are told in current See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story . In his See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search after See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information he applied to See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James IV. of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland for a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the Scottish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings and their See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals; but not even his friendship for Gavin See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas could induce him to give credit to the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical notions of this accomplished bishop, who traced the See also:

• PEDIGREE

pedigree of the Scots down from the banished son of an Athenian king and Scotta the daughter of the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant of the Israelites . A similar See also:

• SCEPTICISM (o-Kesrroµai, I consider, reflect, hesitate, doubt)

scepticism made him doubt the veracity of See also:

• GEOFFREY
• GEOFFREY (1158-1186)
• GEOFFREY (c. I152-1212)

Geoffrey of See also:

• MONMOUTH (Welsh Mynwy)
• MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF (1778)
• MONMOUTH, JAMES SCOTT
• MONMOUTH, ROBERT CAREY, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1560-1639)

Monmouth, and thus called forth See also:

• LELAND (LEYLAND Or LAYLONDE), JOHN (c. 1506-1552)
• LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY (1824-1903)
• LELAND, JOHN (1691–1766)

Leland's Defensio Gallofridi and Assertio Incomparabilis Arlurii . This doubting See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct led to his being accused of many offences against learning, such as that of burning cartloads of See also:

• MSS

MSS. lest his errors should be discovered, of purloining books from See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries and See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping them off by the vesselful to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . As a See also:

• MATTER

matter of fact, it is of course mainly from-the time of Henry VI., where our contemporary records begin to fail so sadly, that Polydore's work is useful . He must have been personally acquainted with many men whose memories could carry them back to the beginning of the See also:

• WARS

Wars of the See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

Roses . Dr See also:

• BREWER, JOHN SHERREN (1810-1879)

Brewer speaks somewhat harshly of him as an authority for the reign of Henry VIII., and indeed his spite against Wolsey is evident; but it is impossible to read his social and See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical accounts of England and Scotland without gratitude for a writer who has preserved so many interesting details . Polydore's Adagia (See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, April 1498) was the first collection of Latin See also:

• PROVERBS, BOOK OF (Heb. Mishle Slzelomoh, " Proverbs of Solomon," abridged by the later Jews to Mishle; Septuagint, irapotpiai or II. EaX.; Lat. Vulg. Parabolae sal. and Liber proverbiorum)

proverbs ever printed; it preceded See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus's ny two years, and the slight misunderstanding that arose for the moment out of See also:

• RIVAL

rival claims gave See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to a sincere friendship . A second See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of Biblical proverbs (553 in number) was dedicated to Wolsey's follower, See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

Pace, and is preceded by an interesting letter (See also:

• JUNE

June 1519), which gives the names of many of Polydore's English See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, from More and See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

• WARHAM, WILLIAM (c. 1450-1532)

Warham to See also:

• LINACRE (or LYNAKER), THOMAS (c. 146o-1524)

Linacre and Tunstall . The De Inventoribus, treating of the origin of all things whether ecclesiastical or See also:

• LAY

lay (Paris, 1499), originally consisted of only seven books, but was increased to eight in 1521 . It was exceedingly popular, and was early translated into French (1521), See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German (1537), English (1546) and See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish (1551) . All See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, however, except those following the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text sanctioned by See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory XIII. in 1576, are on the See also:

• INDEX

Index Expurgatorius .

The De Prodigiss also achieved a great popularity, and was soon translated into Italian (1543), English (1546) and Spanish (1550) . This treatisetakes the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a Latin See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue between Polydore and his See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge friend See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• RIDLEY, NICHOLAS (c. 1500-1555)

Ridley . It takes place in the open See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, at Polydore's See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house near London . Polydore's See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty is to See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state the problems and See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the historical illustrations; his friend's to explain, rationalize and depreciate as best he can . Here, as in the Historia Anglica, it is See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain that the writer plumes himself specially on the excellence of his Latin, which in See also:

• SIR

Sir Henry See also:

• ELLIS (originally SHARPE), ALEXANDER JOHN (1814-189o)
• ELLIS, GEORGE (1753-1815)
• ELLIS, ROBINSON (1834- )
• ELLIS, SIR HENRY (1777-1869)
• ELLIS, WILLIAM (1794 – 1872)

Ellis's See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion is purer than that of any of his contemporaries .