VIRGINIA  , one of the more N. of the S.E . See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic states of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America, lying between latitudes 36° 30' and 390 30' N., and See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

longitude 75° 15' and 83° 40' W . It is bounded on the N.W. by See also:

• KENTUCKY

Kentucky and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Virginia, the irregular boundary See also:

• LINE

line following See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ridges for a See also:

• PART

part of its course; on the N.E. by See also:

• MARYLAND

Maryland, from which it is separated by the See also:

• POTOMAC

Potomac See also:

• RIVER

river; on the S. by See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Carolina and See also:

• TENNESSEE

Tennessee, the boundary line being nominally a parallel of See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude, but actually a more irregular line . Virginia has an See also:

• AREA

area of 42,627 sq. m., of which 2365 sq. m. are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface, including See also:

• LAND

land-locked bays and harbours, See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1786-r86o)
• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1851-1897)
• DRUMMOND, THOMAS (r797-1840)
• DRUMMOND, WILLIAM (1585-1649)

Drummond . The See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state has a length of about 440 M . E. and W., measured along its S. boundary; and an extreme breadth N. and S. of about 200 M . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—Virginia is crossed from N. to S. or N.E. to S.W. by four distinct physiographic provinces . The easternmost is the Coastal See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

Plain See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

Province, and forms a part of the See also:

• GREAT

great Coastal Plain bordering the S.E . United States from New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

Harbour to the Rio Grande . This province occupies about r 1,000 sq. m. of the state, and is known as " Tidewater Virginia." After the plain had been raised above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level to a higher See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation than it now occupies, it was much dissected by streams and then depressed, allowing the sea to invade the stream valleys . Such is the origin of the branching bays or " drowned river valleys," among which may be noted the See also:

• LOWER

lower Potomac, Rappahannock, York and See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James rivers . Chesapeake See also:

• BAY

Bay itself is the drowned lower course of the Susquehanna river, to which the other streams mentioned were ' The mechanism is described under See also:

• PIANOFORTE (Ital. piano, soft, and forte, loud)

PIANOFORTE and See also:

• SPINET, or SPINNET (Fr. espinetle or epinette; Ger. Spinett; Ital. spinetta)

SPINET .

tributary previous to the depression which transformed them into bays . The land between the drowned valleys is relatively See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, and varies in height from sea-level on the E. to 150-300 ft. on the W. border . Passing westward across the " fall-line," the next province is the See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont, a part of the extensive Piedmont See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

Belt reaching from See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania to See also:

• ALABAMA

Alabama . This is the most extensive of the subdivisions of Virginia, comprising 18,000 sq. m. of its area, and varying in elevation from 150-300 ft. on the E. to 700-1200 ft. along the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

Ridge at the W . The sloping surface is gently See also:

• ROLLING

rolling, and has resulted from the uplift and See also:

• DISSECTION (from Lat. dissecare, to cut apart)

dissection of a nearly level plain of erosion See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed on folded, crystalline rocks . Occasional hard See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock ridges rise to a moderate elevation above the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general level, while areas of unusually weak Triassic sandstones have been worn down to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form lowlands . W. of the Piedmont, and like it consisting of crystalline rocks, is the Blue Ridge, a mountain belt from 3 to 20 M. in breadth, narrowing toward the N., where it passes. into Maryland, and broadening southward toward its great expansion in W . North Carolina and E . Tennessee, where it is transformed into massive mountain See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups . In elevation the Blue Ridge of Virginia varies from 146o ft. at Harper's See also:

• FERRY (from the same root as that of the verb " to fare," to journey or travel, common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. fahren; it is connected with the root of Gr. 7ropos, way, and Lat. portage, to carry)
• FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893)

Ferry, where the Potomac river breaks through it in a splendid water-See also:

• GAP

gap, to 5719 ft. in Mt . See also:

• ROGERS, HENRY DARWIN (18o8—1866)
• ROGERS, JAMES EDWIN THOROLD (1823-1890)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1627–c. 1665)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1829-1904)
• ROGERS, JOHN (c. 1500-1555)
• ROGERS, ROBERT (1727-1784?)
• ROGERS, S
• ROGERS, SAMUEL (1763-1855)
• ROGERS, WILLIAM (1819-1896)

Rogers, Grayson See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county . About 2500 sq. m. of the state are comprised in this province .

W. of the Blue Ridge is the Newer Appalachian or Great Valley Province, characterized by parallel ridges and valleys developed by erosion on folded beds of See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone, See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone and shales, and comprising an area of about 10,400 sq. m. in Virginia . The belts of non-resistant rock have been worn away, leaving See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal valleys separated by hard rock ridges . A portion of this province in which weak rocks predominate gives an unusually broad valley region, known as the Valley of Virginia, drained by the See also:

• SHENANDOAH

Shenandoah river, and the headwaters of the James, See also:

• ROANOKE

Roanoke, New, and Holston rivers, which dissect the broad valley See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor into gently rolling See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low hills . At the N., near the mouth of the Shenandoah, the valley is about 250 ft. above sea-level, but rises See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-westward to an elevation of more than 1600 ft. at the S. boundary of the state . The rivers of the state flow in general from N.W. to S.E., across the Blue Ridge, the Piedmont and the Coastal Plain. following courses which were established before erosion had produced much of the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography . But in the Newer Appalachians the streams more often follow the trend of the structure until they empty into one of the larger, transverse streams . Thus the Shenandoah flows N.E. to the Potomac, the Holston S.W. toward the Tennessee . A part of this same province, in the S.W. part of the state, is drained by the New river, which flows N.W. across the ridges to the Kanawha and See also:

• OHIO

Ohio rivers in the Appalachian See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

Plateau . In the limestone regions caverns and natural See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges occur, among which Luray Cavern and the Natural See also:

• BRIDGE

Bridge are well known . The drowned lower courses of the S.E. flowing streams are navigable, and afford many excellent harbours . Chesapeake Bay covers much land that might otherwise be agriculturally valuable, but repays this loss, in part at least, by its excellent See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries, including those for oysters . In the S.E., where the low, flat Coastal Plain is poorly drained, is the Great See also:

• DISMAL

Dismal Swamp, a fresh-water See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh covering 700 sq. m., in the midst of which is Lake Drummond, 2 m. or more in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter .

Along the shores of Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean are low, sandy beaches, often enclosing lagoons or See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt marshes . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—Till about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 18th centurthe bison and the See also:

• ELK

elk roamed the W. part of the state . The Virginia See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer is See also:

• COMMON

common in the bottomlands; a few See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

beaver still frequent the remoter streams; in the higher portions are still a few See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black bears and pumas, besides the See also:

• LYNX (Lat. Lynx, Gr. airy, probably connected with X hovewv, to see)

lynx, the Virginia varying See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

hare, the See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-chuck, the red and the See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox See also:

• SQUIRREL
• SQUIRREL (Fr. ecureuil)

squirrel and flying squirrels . The See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey squirrel is plentiful in wooded districts . On the Coastal Plain are the See also:

• MUSK (Med. Lat. muscus, late Gr. µbvXos, possibly Pers. mushk, from Sansk. mushka, the scrotum)

musk-See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

rat, the eastern See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton-tail, chipmunk, See also:

• FREY (Old Norse, Freyr)

Frey fox, common See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

mole and Virginia See also:

• OPOSSUM
• OPOSSUM, AUSTRALIAN
• OPOSSUM, RINGTAILED
• OPOSSUM, TASMANIAN (grey and black)

opossum . In colonial times the Atlantic right-See also:

• WHALE

whale was killed in some See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers off the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . Many See also:

• SPECIES

species of water and See also:

• SHORE

shore birds migrate along the coast, where also others breed, as the royal, common and least terns and black See also:

• SKIMMER

skimmer; practically all the ducks are migrant species, though the wood-See also:

• DUCK

duck breeds . See also:

• SWAN (A. S. swan and swan, Icel. svanr, Du. zwaart, Ger. Schwan)
• SWAN, J
• SWAN, JOHN MACALLAN (1847-1910)
• SWAN, SIR JOSEPH WILSON (1828– )

Swan, geese and See also:

• BRANT, JOSEPH (1742-1807)
• BRANT, SEBASTIAN (1457-1521)

brant See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter on the coast . The yellow-crowned See also:

• NIGHT

night-See also:

• HERON (Fr. heron; Ital. aghirone, airone; Lat. ardea; Gr. ipw&bs: A.-S. hragra; Icelandic, hegre; Swed. hager; Dan. heire; Ger. Heiger, Reiher, Heergans; Dutch, reiger)

heron and the little blue heron See also:

• NEST

nest rarely . The See also:

• TURKEY

turkey-See also:

• BUZZARD

buzzard and the See also:

• BARN

barn-See also:

• OWL (O. Eng. Ule, Swed. Uggla, Ger. Eule—all allied to Lat. Ulula, and evidently of imitative origin)

owl are See also:

• RESIDENT

resident . Red-headed and red-bellied woodpeckers, See also:

• ORCHARD (O. Eng. ort-geard, later orceard; a combination apparently of Lat. hortus, garden, and " yard " or " Barth ")

orchard orioles, yellow-winged sparrows, the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal, the blue See also:

• GROSBEAK (Fr. Grosbec)

grosbeak, the Carolina See also:

• WREN (O. Eng. wrcknna, Mid. Eng. wrenne; Icel. rindill)
• WREN, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1632-1723)

wren and the mocking-See also:

• BIRD

bird are characteristic of the lower elevations . The ruffed See also:

• GROUSE

grouse and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild turkey are found in the wooded mountainous districts, while the See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

quail (here called " See also:

• PARTRIDGE (Du. Patrijs, Fr. perdrix, from Lat. perdix, apparently onomatopoeic from the call of the bird)
• PARTRIDGE, JOHN BERNARD (1861– )
• PARTRIDGE, WILLIAM ORDWAY (1861– )

partridge") is a See also:

• GAME

game bird of the open stubble See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields .

Of See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles, the See also:

• RATTLESNAKE

rattlesnake and copperhead are the only poisonous species, but numerous harmless varieties are common . In the salt marshes of the coast occurs the See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond-backed terrapin . See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

Trout abound in the mountain streams, and black See also:

• BASS
• BASS (the same word as " base," and so pronounced, but influenced in spelling by the Ital. basso)

bass in the rivers of the interior . The See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat-See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish grows to a large See also:

• SIZE

size in the sluggish rivers . On the coast, the striped bass, sea-bass, See also:

• DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

drum, See also:

• SHEEPSHEAD

sheepshead, weakfish, bluefish and See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• MACKEREL

mackerel are important as See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food fishes . There are valuable See also:

• OYSTER

oyster fisheries in Chesapeake Bay . See also:

• FLORA

Flora . The Coastal Plain of Virginia is covered with See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine forestswhich See also:

• MERGE

merge westward with the hard See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods of the Piedmont Belt, where oaks formerly prevailed, but where a second growth of pine now constitutes part of the See also:

• FOREST

forest . Even on the Coastal Plain the See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey and See also:

• OLDFIELD, ANNE (1683–173o)

oldfield pines of to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day replace more valuable species of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original growth . The Blue Ridge and Newer Appalachian regions are covered with pine, See also:

• HEMLOCK (in O. Eng. hemlic or hymlice; no cognate is found in any other language, and the origin is unknown)

hemlock, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, See also:

• CHERRY

cherry and yellow See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar; while that portion of these provinces lying in the S.W. part of the state still contains valuable forests of See also:

• HICKORY

hickory and See also:

• WALNUT (Juglans)

walnut, besides oak and cherry . On the Coastal Plain the See also:

• CYPRESS (Cupressus)

cypress grows in the Dismal Swamp, river See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch along the streams, and sweet See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum and black gum in swampy woods . Other characteristic See also:

• PLANTS

plants of the Coastal Plain are the See also:

• CRANBERRY

cranberry, wild See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, wild See also:

• YAM

yam, See also:

• WAX

wax See also:

• MYRTLE

myrtle, wistaria, See also:

• TRUMPET (Fr. trompette, clairon; Ger. ,Trompete, Klarino, Trummet; Ital. tromba, trombetta, clarino)
• TRUMPET, SPEAKING AND HEARING

trumpet See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower, See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion flower, See also:

• HOLLY (Ilex Aquifolium)

holly and white See also:

• ALDER

alder .

Many of these species spread into the Piedmont Belt . See also:

• RHODODENDRON

Rhododendron, mountain See also:

• LAUREL

laurel and azaleas are common in the mountains . The See also:

• BLACKBERRY, or BRAMBLE

blackberry, black See also:

• RASPBERRY

raspberry, See also:

• HUCKLEBERRY

huckleberry, blue-See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

berry, wild See also:

• GINGER (Fr. gingembre, Ger. Ingwer)

ginger and See also:

• GINSENG

ginseng are widely distributed . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate of Virginia is generally See also:

• FREE

free from extremes of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold . In the Coastal Plain region the temperature is quite See also:

• STABLE

stable from day to day, as a result of the equalizing effect of the numerous bays which indent this province . The mean winter temperature is 39.8°, the mean summer temperature 77.2' with a mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual of 58.6° . Killing frosts do not occur before the middle of See also:

• OCTOBER

October, nor later than the last part of See also:

• APRIL

April. in the Piedmont Province temperature conditions are naturally less stable, owing to the distance from the sea and to the greater inequality of surface topography . In autumn and winter sudden temperature changes are experienced, though not frequently . The mean winter temperature ofPthis province is 35.8°: mean summer temperature, 75°; mean annual, 55.9° Killing frosts may occur as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the first of October and as See also:

• LATE

late as the last of May . The greatest variability in temperature conditions in the state occurs in the Blue Ridge, Newer Appalachian Provinces, where the most rugged and variable topography is likewise found . The mean winter temperature for this See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section is 33.8°; mean summer temperature, 71.3°; mean annual, 53.2° . See also:

• SOIL

Soil.—Marshy soils are found along the lowest portions of the Coastal Plain, and are exceedingly productive wherever reclaimed by draining, as in portions of the Dismal Swamp .

Other portions of the Coastal Plain afford more valuable soils, sandy barns over-lying sandy See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays . On the higher elevations the soil is See also:

• LIGHT

light and sandy, and such areas remain relatively unproductive . The crystalline rocks of the Piedmont area are covered with residual soils of variable See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition and moderate fertility . Passing the high and rugged Blue Ridge, which is infertile except in the intervening valleys of its S.W. expansion, we reach the Newer Appalachians, where fertile limestone soils See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the valley floors . The Valley of Virginia is the most productive part of the state . Forests: The woodland area of Virginia was estimated in 1900 at 23,400 sq. m., or 58 % of the area of the state . The See also:

• TIMBER

timber area originally comprised three divisions: the mountain regions growing pine and hard woods and hemlock; the Piedmont region producing chiefly oaks with some pine; and the lands below the " Fall Line, which were forested with yellow pine . Most of the pine of the mountain region has been cut, and the yellow pine and hard woods have also largely disappeared . The See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of timber has, however, steadily increased . In 1900 the value of the product was $12,137,177, representing chiefly yellow pine . Fisheries.—Oysters are by far the most valuable of the fisheries products, but, of the 400,000 acres of See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters within the state suitable for oyster culture, in 1909 only about one-third was used for that purpose . Next in importance were the catches of See also:

• MENHADEN

menhaden, See also:

• SHAD

shad, clams, squeteague and alewives; while See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor catches were made of crabs, croaker, bluefish, butterfish, catfish, See also:

• PERCH (through Fr. from Lat. perca, Gr. 7rEpKo; the last word is connected with 2repev6r, dark-coloured, spotted)
• PERCH (through Fr. perche from Lat. pertica, a pole or rod used for measurement)

perch and spotted and striped bass .

See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—See also:

• TOBACCO

Tobacco was an important See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop in the earlier See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, and Virginia continued to be the leading tobacco-producing state of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union (See also:

• REPORTING

reporting in 1850 28.4% of the See also:

• TOTAL

total crop) until after the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, which, with the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the state, caused it to fall into second See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, Kentucky taking the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead ; and in 1900 the crop of North Carolina also was larger . The state's production of tobacco in 1909 was 120,125,000 lb, valued at $10,210,625 . The production of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn in 1909 was 47,328,000 bus., valued at $35,023,000; of See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, 8,848,000 bus., valued at $10,175,000; of oats, 3,800,000 bus., valued at $2,052,000; of See also:

• RYE

rye, 184,000 bus., valued at $155,000; of See also:

• BUCKWHEAT

buckwheat, 378,000bus., valued at $287,000; the See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay crop was valued at $8,o6o,000 (606,000 tons) . The amount of the cotton crop in 1909 was 10,000 Soo-lb See also:

• BALES [BALESIUS], PETER (1547–1610?)

bales . The value of horses in 1910 was $34,561,000 (323,000 See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head); of mules, $7,020,000 (54,000 head) ; of neat See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, $20,034,000 (875,000 head) ; of See also:

• SWINE

swine, $5,031,000 (774,000 head) ; of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, $2,036,000 (522,000 head) . Minerals.—The value of all See also:

• MINERAL

mineral products in 1908 ' was $13,127,395 . By far the most valuable single product was bituminous See also:

• COAL

coal ($3,868,524; 4,259,042 tons) . The existence of this mineral in the vicinity of See also:

• RICHMOND
• RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RICHMOND, LEGH (1772-1827)
• RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BLAKE (1842– )

Richmond was known as early as 1770, and the See also:

• MINING

mining of it there began in 1775, but it was practically discontinued about the middle of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The most important coalfields of the state See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie in the Appalachian regions in the S.W. part of the state, though there are also See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich deposits in the counties of 1-Ienrico, See also:

• CHESTERFIELD
• CHESTERFIELD, PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE, 4TH EARL, OF (1694–1773)

Chesterfield and Goochland, and in parts of Powhatan and Amelia counties . In the S.E. portion of the Kanawha See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, including Tazewell, See also:

• RUSSELL (FAMILY)
• RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
• RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
• RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
• RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
• RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
• RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
• RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
• RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
• RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )

Russell, See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott, See also:

• BUCHANAN
• BUCHANAN, CLAUDIUS
• BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1506–1582)
• BUCHANAN, JAMES (1791-1868)
• BUCHANAN, ROBERT WILLIAMS (1841-1901)

Buchanan, See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Wise and See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee counties, occur rich deposits of coal, which are of great value because of their proximity to vast deposits of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ores . In Tazewell county is the famous Pocahontas See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, which produces one of the most valuable grades of coking and See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam coal to be found in the United States . There are remarkably rich deposits of iron ore in the Alleghanies, and the W. foothills of the Blue Ridge, from which most of the iron ore of the state is procured, are lined with See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown hematite .

Iron-mining—perhaps the first in the New Woild—was begun in Virginia in 1608, when the Virginia See also:

• COMPANY

Company shipped a quantity of ore to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England ; and in 1619 the Company established on Falling See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek, a tributary of the James river, a colony of about 150 iron-workers from See also:

• WARWICKSHIRE

Warwickshire, See also:

• STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire and See also:

• SUSSEX
• SUSSEX, EARLS OF
• SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (SO Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons)
• SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583)

Sussex, who had established there several ore-reducing plants under the general management of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• BERKELEY
• BERKELEY, GEORGE (1685–1753)
• BERKELEY, MILES JOSEPH (1803-1889)
• BERKELEY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1608-1677)

Berkeley of See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester, England, when on the 22nd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1622 the entire colony, excepting a girl and a boy, were massacred by the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians . The first blast-See also:

• FURNACE

furnace in the colony seems to have been owned by See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

Governor See also:

• SPOTSWOOD (SPOTTSwooD or SPOTTISwOOD), ALEXANDER (1676-1940)

Spotswood, and was built and operated at the head of the Rappahannock river about 1715 by a colony of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Protestants . Immediately after the War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence Virginia became an important iron-producing state . The See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry waned rapidly toward the middle of the 19th century, but was renewed upon the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the high-grade ores in the S.W. part of the state and the development of railway facilities . The product of iron ore in 1908 was 692,223 See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long tons, valued at $1,465,691 . The product of See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig-iron in 1908 was 320,458 long tons, valued at $4,578,000: See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

Manganese ore-mining began in Virginia in 1857 in the Shenandoah Valley, and the product increased from about See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo tons in that See also:

• YEAR

year to about 5000 tons (See also:

• MINED

mined near See also:

• WARMINSTER

Warminster, See also:

• NELSON
• NELSON, HORATIO NELSON, VISCOUNT (1758-1805)
• NELSON, ROBERT (s656-1715)

Nelson county) 1868 and 1869 . Thereafter Virginia and See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia supplied most of this mineral produced in the United States, and the greater part of it has been shipped to England . Between 1885 and 1891 the See also:

• AVERAGE

average annual production was about 15,000 tons, the greatest output—20,567 tons—being mined in 1886 . After 1891 the product declined rapidly, amounting in 1907 to 800 tons valued at $4800 . In the production of pyrite, which is found in Louisa county and is used for the manufacture of sulphuric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid employed in the treatment of wood pulp for See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper-making and in the manufacture of superphosphates from phosphate rock, Virginia took first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank in 1902 with an output valued at $501,642, or 641% of the total yield of this mineral in the United States; and this rank was maintained in 1908, when the product was 116,340 long tons, valued at $435,522 . Limestone is found in the region west of the Blue Ridge, and has been quarried extensively, the product, used chiefly for See also:

• FLUX (Lat. fluxus, a flowing; this being also the meaning of the English term in medicine, &c.)

flux, being valued in 1908 at $645,385 . Virginia was by far the most important state in 1908 in the See also:

• PRO

pro• duction of soapstone, nearly the whole product being taken from a long narrow belt See also:

• RUNNING

running north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east from Nelson county into See also:

• ALBEMARLE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Albemarle county; more than 90% of the output was sawed into slabs for See also:

• LAUNDRY

laundry and laboratory appliances .

The product of See also:

• TALC

talc and soapstone in 1908 was 19,616 See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short tons, valued at $458,252 . The value of mineral waters produced in 1908 was $207,115 . The state has many mineral springs occurring in connexion with faults in the Appalachian See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of mountains; in 1908, 46 were reported, making the state third among the states of the United States in number of springs, and of these several have been in high medical repute . At 18 of these resorts are situated, some of which have at times had considerable social See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue . White See also:

• SULPHUR

Sulphur Springs, in Greenbrier county, impregnated with sulphur, with therapeutic application in See also:

• JAUNDICE (Fr. jaunisse, from jaune, yellow), or IUTERUS (from its resemblance to the colour of the golden oriole, of which Pliny relates that if a jaundiced person looks upon it he recovers but the bird dies)

jaundice, See also:

• DYSPEPSIA (from the Gr. prefix Sur-, hard, ill, and 'irirreiv, to digest)

dyspepsia, &c.; See also:

• ALLEGHANY, or THE ALLEGHANIES (a spelling now more common than Allegheny)

Alleghany Springs, in See also:

• MONTGOMERY
• MONTGOMERY ( Tre' Faldwyn)
• MONTGOMERY, GABRIEL, SEIGNEUR DE LORGES, COMTE DE (c. 1530-1574)
• MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1854)
• MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855)

Montgomery county, calcareous and earthy, purgative and diuretic; Rawley Springs in See also:

• ROCKINGHAM, CHARLES WATSON WENTWORTH, 2ND MARQUESS OF (173o-1782)

Rockingham county, Sweet Chalybeate Springs in Alleghany county, and Rockbridge See also:

• ALUM

Alum Springs in Rockbridge county, classed as iron springs and reputed of value as tonics, and the thermal springs, Healing Springs (88° F.) and Hot Springs (r to F.), both in See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath county are noted medicinal springs . The value of metals produced in 1908 was as follows: See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold (which is found in a belt that extends from the Potomac river to See also:

• HALIFAX
• HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF (1661–1715)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE MONTAGU DUNK, 2ND EARL OF (1716-1771)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1633-1695)

Halifax county and varies from 15 to 25 in. in width), $3600 (174 See also:

• FINE

fine oz. tro-'); See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, $3312 (25,087 lb); and lead, $1092 (13 short tons) . Minerals produced in small quantities include See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum, millstones, salt and sandstone, and among those found but not produced (in 1902) in commercial quantities may be mentioned allanite, alum, See also:

• ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

arsenic, See also:

• BISMUTH

bismuth, carbonate, See also:

• FELSPAR, or FELDSPAR

felspar, See also:

• KAOLIN

kaolin, See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, See also:

• PLUMBAGO (from Lat. plum-bum, lead)

plumbago, See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz, See also:

• SERPENTINE

serpentine and See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin . See also:

• ASBESTOS

Asbestos was formerly mined in the western and south-western parts of the state . See also:

• BARYTES

Barytes is mined near See also:

• LYNCHBURG

Lynchburg; the value of the output in 1907 was $32,833, since which date the output has decreased . Manufactures.—Virginia's manufacturing establishments increased very rapidly in number and in the value of their products during the last two decades of the 19th century . The number of all establishments increased from 5710 in 188o to 8248 in 1900; the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital invested from $26,968,990 to $103,670,988, the averagenumber of wage-earners from 40,184 to 72,702, the total See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages from $7,425,261 to $22,445,720, and the value of products from $51,770, 992 to $132,172,910 . The number of factories, increased from 3186 in 1900 to 3187 in 1905, the capital invested from $92,299,589 to $147,989,182, the average number of wage-earners from 66,223 to 80;285, the total wages from $20,269,026 to $27,943,053, and the value of products from $108,644,150 to $148,856,525 .

The manufacture of all forms of tobacco is the most important industry; the value of its products in 1905 was $16,768,204 . Since 188o there has been a rapid development in textile manufacture, for which the water See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the Piedmont region is used . A See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar industry is the grading, roasting, cleaning and shelling of peanuts . Transportation and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce.—Four large railway systems practically originate in the state and radiate to the S. and W.: the See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern railway, with its See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main line traversing the state in the direction of its greatest length leaving See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)