See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• VICE

vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)  , the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility . In the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage it intervenes between the dignities of See also:

• EARL

earl and See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron . The title is now purely one of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, having See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been dissociated from any See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office or functions . In the Carolingian See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch the See also:

• VICE

vice-comites, or missi comilis, were the deputies or vicars of the See also:

• COUNTS

counts, whose See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers they exercised by delegation, and from these the viscounts of the feudal See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period were undoubtedly derived . Soon after the counts became hereditary the same happened in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of their lieutenants; e.g. in See also:

• NARBONNE

Narbonne, See also:

• NIMES
• NIMES, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Nemausensia)

Nimes and Alby the viscounts had, according to A . See also:

• MOLINIER, AUGUSTE (1851-1904)

Molinier, acquired hereditary rights as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the beginning of the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Viscountcies thus See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into actual fiefs, with their own See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction, domain and seigniorial rights, and could be divided or even transmitted to See also:

• FEMALES

females . Viscounts, however, continued for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to have no more than the status of lieutenants, calling themselves either simply vice-comites, or adding to this title the name of the countship from which they derived their powers . It was not till the 12th century that the universal tendency to territorialize the feudal dominions affected the viscountcies with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, and that the viscounts began to take the name of the most important of their patrimonial domains . Thus the viscounts of See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers called themselves viscounts of See also:

• THOUARS

Thouars, and those of See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse viscounts of Bruniquel and Montelar . From this time the significance of the title was extremely various . Some viscounts, notably in the duchy of See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine and the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Toulouse, of which the See also:

• SIZE

size made an effective centralized See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government impossible, were See also:

• GREAT

great barons, whose authority extended over whole provinces, and who disputed for See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power on equal terms with counts and See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes .

Elsewhere, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, e.g. in the Ile de See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne, and a great See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, the vicomtes continued to be See also:

• HALF

half feudatories, half officials of the counts, with the same functions and rank in the feudal See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy as the chatelains; their powers were jealously limited and, with the organization of the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of prevots and baillis in the 12th century, practically disappeared . In the royal domains especially, these See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty feudatories could not maintain them-selves against the growing power of the See also:

• CROWN

crown, and they were early assimilated to the preoots; thus there is no See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of a vicomte at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris after 1027 . In See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy, where from the first the central power had been strong, vicomtes appeared at a very early date as deputies of the counts (afterwards dukes) of the See also:

• NORMANS

Normans: " They are both See also:

• PERSONAL

personal companions and hereditary nobles." When See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman counts began in the rrth century, some of them had vicomtes under them, but the normal vicomte was still a See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke, and See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I. largely replaced the hereditary holders of the vicomtes by officials . " By the time, of the Conqueror the judicial functions of the See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

viscount were fully recognized, and extended over the greater part of Normandy." Eventually almost the whole of Normandy was divided into administrative viscountcies or bailiwicks by the end of the 12th century . When the Normans conquered See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, they applied the See also:

• TERM

term viseoiunte or vicecomes to the sheriffs of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English system (see See also:

• SHERIFF

SHERIFF), whose office, how-ever, was quite distinct and was hardly affected by the See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest . Nearly four centuries later " viscount " was introduced as a peerage See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style into England, when its See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king was once more See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of Normandy . See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, Lord See also:

• BEAUMONT
• BEAUMONT, BELMONT, or BELLOMONT
• BEAUMONT, CHRISTOPHE DE (1703-1781)
• BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN (1583–1627)

Beaumont, K.G., who had been created See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of-See also:

• BOULOGNE, or BOULLONGNE

Boulogne in 1436, was made Viscount Beaumont, See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 12, 1440, and granted See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence over all barons, which was doubtless the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for his creation . Within a See also:

• YEAR

year the feudal vicomte of Beaumont in Normandy was granted to him and the heirs male of his See also:

• BODY

body on the ground that he traced his descent from that See also:

• DISTRICT

district . In 1446 Lord See also:

• BOURCHIER, ARTHUR (1864- )
• BOURCHIER, THOMAS (c. 1404-1486)

Bourchier, who held the Norman countship of Eu, was similarly made a viscount . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest viscountcy now on the See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll is that of See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford, created in 155o; but the Irish .yiscountcy of Gorman-ston is as old as 1478 . The dignity was sparingly conferred in the peerage of England till See also:

• RECENT

recent times, when the number of viscounts was increased by bestowing the dignity on retiring speakers (e.g . Viscounts See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, See also:

• HAMPDEN, HENRY BOUVERIE WILLIAM BRAND, 1ST
• HAMPDEN, JOHN (c. 1595-1643)
• HAMPDEN, RENN DICKSON (1793-1868)

Hampden, See also:

• PEEL
• PEEL, ARTHUR WELLESLEY PEEL, 1ST VISCOUNT (1829- )
• PEEL, SIR ROBERT, BART

Peel, See also:

• SELBY
• SELBY, WILLIAM COURT GULLY

Selby) and. ministers who accepted peerages (e.g .

Viscounts See also:

• MELVILLE, ANDREW (1545-1622)
• MELVILLE, ARTHUR (1858-1904)
• MELVILLE, JAMES (1556-1614)
• MELVILLE, SIR JAMES (1535-1617)

Melville, See also:

• HALIFAX
• HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF (1661–1715)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE MONTAGU DUNK, 2ND EARL OF (1716-1771)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1633-1695)

Halifax, See also:

• KNUTSFORD

Knutsford, See also:

• LLANDAFF

Llandaff, See also:

• CROSS

Cross, See also:

• RIDLEY, NICHOLAS (c. 1500-1555)

Ridley, See also:

• GOSCHEN, GEORGE JOACHIM GOSCHEN

Goschen, St Aldwyn, See also:

• MORLEY
• MORLEY [oP BLACKBURN], JOHN MORLEY
• MORLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF
• MORLEY, GEORGE (1597-1684)
• MORLEY, HENRY (1822-1894)
• MORLEY, SAMUEL (18o9–1886)

Morley of See also:

• BLACKBURN
• BLACKBURN, COLIN BLACKBURN, BARON (1813-1896)
• BLACKBURN, JONATHAN (c. 1700-c. 1765)

Blackburn, See also:

• WOLVERHAMPTON
• WOLVERHAMPTON, HENRY HARTLEY FOWLER

Wolverhampton) . A viscount is " Right See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

Honourable," and is styled " My Lord." His wife, also " Right Honourable," is a " viscountess," and is styled " My See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady." All their sons and daughters are " Honourable." The coronet first granted by See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. has on the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden circlet a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of fourteen small pearls set in contact, of which number in representations nine are shown . The See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary robe of a viscount has two and a half doublings of See also:

• ERMINE

ermine . See A . See also:

• LUCHAIRE, DENIS JEAN ACHILLE (1846-1908)

Luchaire, See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel See also:

• DES

des institutions francaises (Paris, 1892), bibliography on p . 282; Stapleton s Rotuli Scaccarii Normanniae; Powicke's ` The Angevin See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration of Normandy " (Eng . Hist . Rev. vols. xxi., xxii.); Lords' Reports on the Dignity of a Peer; See also:

• COURTHOPE, WILLIAM JOHN (1842— )

Courthope See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas's Historic Peerage .