VITERBO  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and episcopal see of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, 54 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail N.N.W. of Rome, 1073 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . Pop . (1901) 17,344 (See also:

• TOWN

town), 21,258 (See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune) . It lies on the old high road between See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence and Rome, and besides the railway to Rome it has a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch See also:

• LINE

line (25 m.) going N.E. to Attigliano, on the railway from Rome to Florence . It is picturesquely surrounded by luxuriant gardens, and enclosed by walls and towers, which date partly from the Lombard See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The streets are paved with large See also:

• LAVA

lava blocks, of which the town is also built . It has many picturesque See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval towers and other edifices (the Palazzo degli See also:

• ALESSANDRI, ALESSANDRO

Alessandri is perhaps the most interesting), for which indeed it is one of the best towns in central Italy, and some elegant fountains; among the latter may be mentioned the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• FONTANA, DOMENICO (1543-1607)
• FONTANA, LAVINIA (1552-1614)
• FONTANA, PROSPERO (1512-1597)

Fontana Grande (1279, restored in 1424) and Fontana della Rocca by Vignola (1566) . The citadel (Rocca) itself, erected by See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• ALBORNOZ, GIL ALVAREZ DE

Albornoz in 1345, is now a barrack . The Palazzo Patrizi is a See also:

• BUILDING

building of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance in the Florentine See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• BASILICA

basilica, of the 12th (?) See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, with columns and fantastic capitals of the period, originally See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat-roofed and later vaulted, with 16th-century restorations, contains the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John XXI., and has a Gothic campanile in See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone . It is more probable that it was S . Silvestro (now Chiesa del Gesu) and not the cathedral that, in 1271, was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the See also:

• MURDER

murder, on the steps of the high See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar, during public See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry, son of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard of See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall, by See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy de See also:

• MONTFORT
• MONTFORT, SIMON DE, EARL OF LEICESTER (d. 1265)

Montfort (see See also:

• DANTE

Dante, Inf. xii .

118) . In front of the cathedral Pope See also:

• ADRIAN
• ADRIAN, SAINT

Adrian IV . (See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas Breakspear) compelled the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I. to hold his See also:

• STIRRUP (O. Eng. slirap, stigrap, M. Eng. stirop,styrope,&c.,i.e. a mounting or climbing-rope; O. Eng. stigan, to mount, climb, and rap, rope, cf. Du. stijbeugel, literally mounting bow or loop, Ger. Steigbugel)

stirrup as his See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal . The old episcopal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace with a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double loggia built on to it (recently restored to its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form) is a Gothic building of the 13th century, in which numerous conclaves have been held . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of S . See also:

• ROSA, CARL AUGUST NICHOLAS (1843-1889)
• ROSA, MONTE
• ROSA, SALVATOR (1615-1673)

Rosa exhibits the embalmed See also:

• BODY

body of that See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint, a native of Viterbo, who died in her eighteenth See also:

• YEAR

year, after working various miracles and having distinguished herself by her invectives against Frederick II . (1251), some ruins of whose palace, destroyed after his See also:

• DEATH

death, exist . S . See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco, a Gothic church (before 1256), contains the fine Gothic tombs of Popes See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement IV. and Adrian V., and has an See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit of the 15th century . The town also contains a few small Romanesque churches (S . Maria Nuova, S . See also:

• ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea, S .

Giovanni in Zoccoli, S . Sisto, &c.) and several other Gothic churches . S . Maria della See also:

• CELLA

Cella is noteworthy among the former as having one of the earliest campanili of any See also:

• SIZE

size in Italy (9th century) . The town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, with a medieval See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower and a 15th-century See also:

• PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico, contains some See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan sarcophagi from sites in the neighbourhood, and a few See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good paintings . At one corner of the picturesque square in front of it is a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• SARCOPHAGUS (Gr. vapsorg yos, literally " flesh-eating," from vapt, flesh, ¢ayeiv, to eat)

sarcophagus with a See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

hunt of See also:

• MELEAGER (Gk. M€X aypos)

Meleager, with an inscription in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the See also:

• FAIR

fair Galiana, to win whom, it is said, a Roman See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble laid See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege to Viterbo in 1135 . See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close.by is' the elegant Gothic See also:

• FACADE

facade of S . Maria della Salute, in white and red See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble with sculptures . The Gothic cloisters of S . Maria della Verity just outside the town are strikingly beautiful . The church contains frescoes by Lorenzo da Viterbo (1469) and a fine See also:

• MAJOLICA

majolica See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement . A mile and a See also:

• HALF

half to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east is the handsome early Renaissance See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage church of the Madonno della Quercia; the facade is adorned with three lunettes by Andrea della Robbia .

The fine wooden roof of the interior is by See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio da See also:

• SANGALLO

Sangallo the younger (1519-25) . The adjoining monastery has a pleasing cloistered See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . A mile and a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter farther is the town of Bagnaia, with the See also:

• VILLA

Villa Lante, still belonging to the See also:

• FAMILY

family of that name, with fine fountains and beautiful trees, ascribed to Vignola . The inhabitants of Viterbo are chiefly dependent on See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture; See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp is a specialty of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district, and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and various grains are largely grown, as well as the See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive and the See also:

• VINE

vine . There are in the vicinity numerous See also:

• MINERAL

mineral springs; the warm See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of Bollicame, about 2 M. off, is alluded to by Dante (Inf. xiv . 79) . Viterbo is by some identified with Surrina nova, which is only mentioned in See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions, while some See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place it at the sulphur springs, called the Bollicame, to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of Viterbo on the line of the Via See also:

• CASSIA (Lat. cassia, Gr. mulct)
• CASSIA, VIA

Cassia, where . Roman remains exist . This might well be the site of the Roman town . Here the Via Cassia was joined by the Via Ciminia, passing east of the Lacus Ciminius, while a road branched off to See also:

• FERENTUM, or FERENTINUM

Ferentum . See E . Bormann in Corp .

Inscr . See also:

• LAT

Lat. xi . (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1888), p . 454; H . Nissen, Italische Landeskunde (Berlin, 1902), ii . 343• The forgeries of the Dominican Annio da Viterbo (d . 1502) were directed to prove that Viterbo was the site of the Fanum Voltumnae (see, however, See also:

• MONTEFIASCONE

MONTEFIASCONE) . There are no archaeological remains in Viterbo itself, except a few courses of See also:

• MASONRY

masonry under the See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge which connects the cathedral with the city, near the cathedral, possibly the See also:

• PIER (older forms per or Pere, from Med. Lat. pera; the word for piers out of water. For river piers, where a firm, watertight is of obscure origin, and the connexion with Fr. Pierre, Lat. stratum is found at a moderate depth below the river-bed, the pctr

pier of an older bridge . But the site is not unreasonably considered to be See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient, and the name to be derived from Velus urbs; tombs, too, have been found in the neighbourhood, and it is not an unlikely See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption that here, as elsewhere, the medieval town occupies the Etruscan site . It was fortified by the Lombard See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• DESIDERIUS

Desiderius (the See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree ascribed to him, now in the municipal palace, has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been recognized as a See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery of Annio) . It is the centre of the territory of the " patrimony of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter," which the countess See also:

• MATILDA (1046-1115)
• MATILDA (1102-1164)

Matilda of See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany gave to the papal see in the 12th century; in the 13th century it became a favourite papal See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence . Popes,See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban IV .

(1261), See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory X . (1271), John XXI . (1276), Nicholas III . (1277) and See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin IV . (1281) were elected here, and it was at Viterbo that See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander IV . (1261), Clement IV . (1268), Adrian V . (1276) and John XXI . (1277) died . (T .