VITRIFIED FORTS  , the name given to certain See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone enclosures whose walls have been subjected in a greater or less degree to the See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire . They are generally situated on hills offering strong defensive positions . Their See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form seems to have been determined by the See also:

• CONTOUR

contour of the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat summits which they enclose . The walls vary in See also:

• SIZE

size, a few being up-wards of 12 ft. high, and are so broad that they See also:

• PRESENT

present the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of embankments . Weak parts of the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence are strengthened by See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double or triple walls, and occasionally vast lines of ramparts, composed of large blocks of unhewn and unvitrified stones, envelop the vitrified centre at some distance from it . No See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime or See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement has been found in any of these structures, all of them presenting the peculiarity of being more or less consolidated by the See also:

• FUSION

fusion of the rocks of which they are built . This fusion, which has been caused by the application of intense See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, is not equally See also:

• COMPLETE

complete in the various forts, or even in the walls of the same fort . In some cases the stones are only partially melted and calcined; in others their adjoining edges are fused so that they are firmly cemented together; in many instances pieces of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock are enveloped in a glassy See also:

• ENAMEL (formerly " amel," derived through the Fr. amail, emmll, esmail, from a Latin word smaltum, first found in a 9th-century life of Leo IV.)

enamel-like coating which binds them into a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform whole; and at times, though rarely, the entire length of the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall presents one solid See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of vitreous substance . Since See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams—one of the earliest of See also:

• BRITISH

British geologists, and author of The See also:

• MINERAL

Mineral See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom—first described these singular ruins in 1777, about fifty examples have been discovered in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . The most remarkable are Dun Mac Uisneachain (Dun Macsnoichan), the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Beregonium, about 9 M . N.N.E. of See also:

• OBAN

Oban; Tap o' Noth, in See also:

• ABERDEENSHIRE

Aberdeenshire; See also:

• CRAIG, JOHN (1512 ?-1600)
• CRAIG, SIR THOMAS (c. 1538–1608)

Craig Phadraic, or Phadrick, near See also:

• INVERNESS

Inverness; Dun Dhardhail (Dunjardil) in Glen See also:

• NEVIS

Nevis; Knockfarrail, near See also:

• STRATHPEFFER

Strathpeffer; Dun Creich, in See also:

• SUTHERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Sutherland; Finhaven, near Aberlemno; Barryhill, in See also:

• PERTHSHIRE

Perthshire; See also:

• LAWS

Laws, near See also:

• DUNDEE
• DUNDEE, JOHN GRAHAM OF CLAVERHOUSE, VISCOUNT (c. 1649-1689)

Dundee; Dun See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall and Burnt See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island, in Buteshire; Anwoth, in See also:

• KIRKCUDBRIGHT (pron. Ker-k4-bri)

Kirkcudbright; and Cowdenknowes, in See also:

• BERWICKSHIRE

Berwickshire . Dun Mac Uisneachain is the largest in See also:

• AREA

area, being 250 yds. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by 50 yds. broad .

In the Tap o' Noth the walls are about 8 ft. high and between 20 and 30 ft. thick . In Dun Mac Uisneachain, Barryhill and Laws the remains of small rectangular dwellings have been found . For a long See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it was supposed that these forts were See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to Scotland; but they are found also in See also:

• LONDONDERRY
• LONDONDERRY, CHARLES WILLIAM STEWART (VANE), 3RD MARQUESS
• LONDONDERRY, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• LONDONDERRY, or DERRY
• LONDONDERRY, ROBERT STEWART, 2ND MARQUESS OF (1769-1822)

Londonderry and See also:

• CAVAN

Cavan, in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland; in Upper See also:

• LUSATIA (Ger. Lausitz)

Lusatia, Bohemia, See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia, See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony and Thuringia; in the provinces on the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, especially in the neighbourhood of the See also:

• NAHE

Nahe; in the Ucker See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake, in See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg, where the walls are formed of burnt and smelted bricks; in See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary; and in several places in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, such as Chateauvieux, Peran, La Courbe, Sainte Suzanne, See also:

• PUY

Puy de See also:

• GAUDY

Gaudy and Thauron . They have not been found in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England or See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales . In some See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental forts the vitrified walls are supported by masses of unvitrified stone built up on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side .