VOLAPUK  , the first artificial

language (see UNIVERSAL LANGUAGES) to attain any measure of practical success . First published in 188o, it was the work of J . M . Schleyer (b . 1839), a south-German priest . Volapuk is not, like the earliest attempts of the kind, an a priori language, but is based mainly on English, the rest of the vocabulary being made up from Latin and the Romance languages . The borrowed words are reduced to a monosyllabic form and are often altered in a very arbitrary manner . Thus the name Volapuk itself is made up of the two English words, world and speak, the first in the genitive, the three vowels, a, e, i, being used to express the three cases, genitive, dative and accusative respectively; the nominative is expressed by the bare root, and s is added to form the plural . The grammar of Volapuk is therefore partly borrowed, like the vocabulary, partly original . Adjectives end in -ik . The persons of the verb are indicated by adding the pronouns ob " I," of " thou," om " he," &c., plural obs " we," &c.; the tenses and the passive are indicated by prefixes, the moods by suffixes following the person-endings, many other inflections being used as well, so that the Volapuk verb boasts of no less than 505,440 different forms . Although founded on English, Volapiik is mainly German in structure .

It gets rid of the German word-

order and the irregularities of German grammar, but it is often impossible to understand a Volapuk text without thinking in German . The following is a specimen of the language: Lofob 'kemenis valik vola lolik, patiko etis pekulivol, kels konfidoms Volapuke, as bale medas gletikun netasfetana . " I love all my fellow-creatures of the whole world, especially those cultivated (ones) who believe in Volapuk as (being) one of the greatest means of nation-binding." Here konfid governs the dative just as its German equivalent does, and " cultivated " is used in the sense of the German gebildeter . The history of Volapuk has an interest greater than that of the language itself . It has proved (1) that people in general are ready to adopt an artificial language, and (2) that an artificial language is easier to learn than any national language, and supplies an efficient means of communication between those who have no other language in common . Volapuk had no special philological merits to recommend it; yet, after a few years' incubation in south Germany, it spread, first to France (about 1885) and then in a few years over the whole civilized world, so that in 1889, when the third Volapuk congress met I thing like two centuries, and it is believed that the Japanese at Paris, there were 283 Volapuk societies all over the world, and the total number of Volapuk students was estimated at over a million . At this congress every one—even the waiters—spoke Volapuk, and the permanent triumph of the language seemed certain . But the year of its zenith was the beginning of a decline even more rapid than its rise . It fell to pieces through dissensions in its own camp, the first cause of which was the opposition of the inventor to those of his disciples who aimed at making the language mainly an instrument of commercial correspondence, and advocated the greatest possible simplification of grammar and vocabulary . The divergence of views between the inventor and his colleagues became more and more marked; and after the third congress the breach between M . Schleyer and the Volapuk Academy (founded at the second congress in 1887) became a definite one: the director of the Academy proposed a totally new scheme of grammar, and other members proposed others, although one of the objects of the foundation of the Academy was the preservation of the integrity of the language . A new director, M .

Rosenberger of St

Petersburg, was elected in 1893; and from this moment the Academy dissociated itself from Volapuk and began to construct a new international language, Idiom Neutral (see UNIVERSAL LANGUAGES) . (H .