VOLHYNIA  , a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, bounded by the See also:

• POLISH

Polish governments of See also:

• LUBLIN

Lublin and See also:

• SIEDLCE
• SIEDLCE (Russian Syedlets)

Siedlce on the W., See also:

• GRODNO

Grodno and See also:

• MINSK

Minsk on the N., See also:

• KIEV
• KIEV, KIEFF, or KIYEFF

Kiev on the E. and See also:

• PODOLIA

Podolia and See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia (See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria) on the S., with an See also:

• AREA

area of 27,690 sq. m . A broad, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur of the Carpathians—the Avratynsk See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau—which enters from the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and stretches out eastward towards the See also:

• DNIEPER

Dnieper occupies its See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern portion, reaching a maximum See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 1200 ft.; another See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Carpathians in the west of the government ranges between 7 00 and 900 ft. at its highest points . Both are deeply grooved in places, and the crags give a hilly aspect to the districts in which they occur . The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the government, which is quite flat, with an imperceptible slope towards the marshes of See also:

• PINSK

Pinsk, is known as the Polyesie (see MINSK) . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population in 1906 was estimated at 3,547,500 . Some three-fourths of the population are Little Russians; the other elements are See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White and See also:

• GREAT

Great Russians, Poles (5.2%), See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews (13.2%) and Germans (5.7 %) . The government is divided into twelve districts, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief towns of which are See also:

• ZHITOMIR, or JITOMIR

Zhitomir, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, Dubno, Kovel, See also:

• KREMENETS (Polish, Krzemieniec)

Kremenets, See also:

• LUTSK (Polish, Luck)

Lutsk, Novograd Volhynskiy, See also:

• OSTROG

Ostrog, Ovruch, See also:

• VLADIMIR
• VLADIMIR, ST (c. 956-1015)

Vladimir Volhynskiy, Rovno, Staro-Konstantinov and Zaslavl . The conditions of See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant ownership differ from those which prevail in other parts of Russia, and of the See also:

• TOTAL

total area the peasants hold approximately one-See also:

• HALF

half; 42% of the total is in the hands of private owners, a considerable number of Germans having settled and bought See also:

• LAND

land in the government . Forests See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover nearly 5o % of the area in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north (that is, in the Polyesie) and 15% elsewhere . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture is well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the south, and in 1900 there were 4,222,400 acres (24%) under cereal crops alone . In the Polyesie the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal occupations are connected with the export of See also:

• TIMBER

timber and firewood, the preparation of See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch, See also:

• TAR

tar, potash and wooden wares, and See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat-See also:

• BUILDING

building . See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

Lignite and See also:

• COAL

coal, some See also:

• GRAPHITE

graphite and See also:

• KAOLIN

kaolin, are See also:

• MINED

mined, as also See also:

• AMBER

amber, which is often found in big lumps .

Manufacturing See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are not very highly developed . The factories are confined to See also:

• SUGAR

sugar See also:

• WORKS

works, distilleries, woollen See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, and See also:

• CANDLE (Lat. candela, from candere, to glow)

candle, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, See also:

• CLOTH

cloth and agricultural machinery works . Domestic See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in the villages is chiefly limited to the making of wooden goods, including See also:

• PARQUETRY (Fr. pargqueterie, from parquet, flooring, originally a small compartment)

parquetry . The exports of See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain and timber, chiefly to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, and of See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, are considerable . Volhynia has been inhabited by Slays from a remote antiquity . In See also:

• NESTOR
• NESTOR (c. 1056-c. 1114)

Nestor's See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals its See also:

• PEOPLE

people are mentioned under the name of Dulebs, and later in the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century they were known as Velhynians and Buzhans (dwellers on the See also:

• BUG

Bug) . From the 9th century the towns of Volhynia-Vladimir, Ovruch, Lutsk and Dubno were ruled by descendants of the Scandinavian or Varangian chief Rurik, and the land of Volhynia remained See also:

• VOLLMAR, GEORG HEINRICH VON (1850- )

VOLLMAR 195 See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent until the 14th century, when it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under Lithuania: In 1569 it was annexed to See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, and so remained until 1795, when it was taken See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of by Russia .