See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS See also:

• MARIE

MARIE AROUET DE See also:

• FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE (1694–1778)

VOLTAIRE (1694–1778)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French philosopher, historian, dramatist and See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of letters, whose real name was See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois See also:

• MARIE

Marie Arouet simply, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the gist of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1694 at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and was baptized the next See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . His See also:

• FATHER

father was Francois Arouet, a See also:

• NOTARY, or NOTARY PUBLIC

notary; his See also:

• MOTHER

mother was Marie See also:

• MARGUERITE

Marguerite Daumart or D'Aumard . Both father and mother were of Poitevin extraction, but the Arouets had been for two generations established in Paris, the See also:

• GRAND

grand-father being a prosperous tradesman . The See also:

• FAMILY

family appear to have always belonged to the See also:

• YEOMAN

yeoman-tradesman class; their See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home was the See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-Loup . See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire was the fifth See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of his parents—twin boys (of whom one survived), a girl, Marguerite See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine, and another boy who died See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, having preceded him . Not very much is known of the mother, who died when Voltaire was but seven years old . She See also:

• PRETTY

pretty certainly was the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief cause of his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early introduction to See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good society, the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

abbe de See also:

• CHATEAUNEUF, LA BELLE

Chateauneuf (his See also:

• SPONSOR (from Lat. spondere, to promise)

sponsor in more ways than one) having been her friend . The father appears to have been somewhat See also:

• PEREMPTORY

peremptory in See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper, but neither inhospitable nor tyrannical . Marguerite Arouet, of whom her younger See also:

• BROTHER

brother was very fond, married early, her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband's name being See also:

• MIGNOT, CLAUDINE FRANCOISE [commonly called MARIE] (c. 1617-1711)

Mignot; the See also:

• EIDER
• EIDER (Icelandic, idur)

eider brother, Armand, was a strong Jansenist, and there never was any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of sympathy between him and Francois . The abbe de Chateauneuf instructed him early in belles-lettres and See also:

• DEISM (Lat. dens, god)

deism, and he showed when a child the unsurpassed See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty for facile See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse-making which always distinguished him . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of ten he was sent to the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis-le-Grand, which was under the management of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits, and remained there till 1711 . It was his whim, as See also:

• PART

part of his See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general liberal-ism, to depreciate the See also:

• EDUCATION

education he received; but it seems to have been a very See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound and good education, which formed the basis of his extraordinarily wide, though never extra-ordinarily accurate, collection of knowledge subsequently, and (a more important thing) disciplined and exercised his See also:

• LITERARY

literary faculty and See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment .

Nor can there be much doubt that the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention bestowed on acting—the Jesuits kept up the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance practice of turning See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools into theatres for the performance of plays both in Latin and in the See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular—had much to do with Voltaire's lifelong devotion to the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage . It must have been in his very earliest school years that the celebrated presentation of him by his godfather to Ninon de See also:

• LENCLOS, NINON DE (1615-1705)

Lenclos took, See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, for Ninon died in 1705 . She See also:

• LEFT

left him two thousand francs " to buy books with." He worked fairly, played fairly, lived comfortably, made good and lasting See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . Some curious traits are recorded of this See also:

• LIFE

life—one being that in the terrible See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine See also:

• YEAR

year of See also:

• MALPLAQUET

Malplaquet a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred francs a year were added to the usual boarding expenses, and yet the boys had to eat See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain bis . In _August 1711, at the age of seventeen, he came home, and the usual See also:

• BATTLE

battle followed between a son who desired no profession but literature and a father who refused to considerliterature a profession at all . For a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Voltaire submitted, and read See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law at least nominally . The abbe de Chateauneuf died before his godson left school, but he had already introduced him to the famous and dissipated coterie of the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple, of which the grand See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior See also:

• VENDOME
• VENDOME, LOUIS JOSEPH

Vendome was the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, and the poets See also:

• CHAULIEU, GUILLAUME AMFRYE DE (1639-1720)

Chaulieu and La Fare the chief literary stars . It does not appear that Voltaire got into any great scrapes; but his father tried to break him off from such society by sending him first to See also:

• CAEN

Caen and then, in the See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite of the See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis de Chateauneuf, the abbe's brother, to the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague . Here he met a certain Olympe Dunoyer (" Pimpette "), a girl apparently of respect-able See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and not See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad connexions, but a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant, penniless, and daughter of a literary See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady whose literary reputation was not spotless . The mother discouraged the affair, and, though Voltaire tried to avail himself of the See also:

• MANIA

mania for proselytizing which then distinguished See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, his father stopped any See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a match by procuring a lettre de cachet, which, however, he did not use . Voltaire, who had been sent home, submitted, and for a time pretended to See also:

• WORK

work in a Parisian lawyer's See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office; but he again manifested a faculty for getting into trouble—this time in the still more dangerous way of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing libellous poems—so that his father was glad to send him to stay for nearly a year (1714–15) with Louis de Caumartin, marquis de Saint-Ange, in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Here he was still supposed to study law, but devoted himself in part to literary essays, in part to storing up his immense treasure of gossiping See also:

• HISTORY

history .

Almost exactly at the time of the See also:

• DEATH

death of Louis XIV. he returned to Paris, to fall once more into literary and Templar society, and to make the tragedy of ,(Edipe, which he had already written, privately known . He was now introduced to a less questionable and even more distinguished coterie than Vendome's, to the famous " See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Sceaux," the circle of the beautiful and ambitious duchesse du See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine . It seems that Voltaire See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent himself to the duchess's frantic hatred of the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, and helped to compose lampoons on that See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince . At any See also:

• RATE

rate, in May 1716 he was exiled, first to See also:

• TULLE

Tulle, then to See also:

• SULLY, JAMES (1842– )
• SULLY, MAXIMILIEN DE BETHUNE
• SULLY, THOMAS (1783—1872)

Sully . Allowed to return, he again See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under suspicion of having been concerned in the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of two violent libels—one in Latin and one in French—called from their first words the Puero Regnante and the J'ai vu, was inveigled by a See also:

• SPY
• SPY (from " to spy " or " espy"; 0. Fr. espie, espier, to spy, watch; cf. Ger. spdhen, Lat. specere, to look; the Fr. term " espionage "is of course from the same source)

spy named See also:

• BEAUREGARD, MARQUIS DE (c. 1772–?)
• BEAUREGARD, PIERRE GUSTAVE TOUTANT (1818-1893)

Beauregard into a real or See also:

• BURLESQUE (Ital. burlesco, from burla, a joke, fun, playful trick)

burlesque See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession., and on the 16th of May 1717 was sent to the See also:

• BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

Bastille . He there recast CEdipe, began the Henriade and determined to alter his name . Ever after his exit from the Bastille in See also:

• APRIL

April 1718 he was known as Arouet de Voltaire, or simply Voltaire, though legally he never abandoned his patronymic . The origin of the famous name has been much debated, and attempts have been made to show that it actually existed in the Daumart See also:

• PEDIGREE

pedigree or in some territorial designation . Some are said to maintain that it was an See also:

• ABBREVIATION (Lat. brevis, short)

abbreviation of a childish See also:

• NICKNAME

nickname, " le See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

petit volontaire." The See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion has, however, always inclined to the See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis of an See also:

• ANAGRAM (Gr. ava, back, and ypa(beiv, to write)

anagram on the name " Arouet le jeune," or " Arouet 1. j.," u being changed to v and j to i according to the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary rules of the See also:

• GAME

game . A further " See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile " at Chatenay and elsewhere succeeded the imprisonment, and though Voltaire was admitted to an See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience by the regent and treated graciously he was not trusted. cEdipe was acted at the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

Theatre See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

Francais on the 18th of November of the year of See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release, and was very well received, a rivalry between parties not dissimilar to that which not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before had helped See also:

• ADDISON, JOSEPH (1672-1719)

Addison's See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (234—149 B.c.)
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

Cato assisting its success . It had a run of See also:

• FORTY

forty-five nights, and brought the author not a little profit . With these gains Voltaire seems to have begun his long See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of successful See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial 'speculations .

But in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of next year the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of See also:

• LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS (1736-1813)

Lagrange-See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

Chancel's libels, entitled the Philippiques, again brought suspicion on him . He was in-formally exiled, and spent much time with See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• VILLARS, CLAUDE LOUIS HECTOR DE, PRINCE DE

Villars, again increasing his See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store of " reminiscences." He returned to Paris in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, and his second See also:

• PLAY

play, .Artemire, was produced in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1720 . It was a failure, and though it was recast with some success Voltaire never published it as a whole, and used parts of it in other work . He again spent much of his time with Villars, listening to the marshal's stories and making harmless love to the duchess . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1721 his father died, leaving him See also:

• PROPERTY

property (rather more than four thousand livres a year), which was soon increased by a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of See also:

• HALF

half the amount from the regent . In return for this, or in hopes of more, he offered himself as a spy—or at any rate as a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret diplomatist—to See also:

• DUBOIS
• DUBOIS, FRANCOIS CLEMENT THEODORE (1837– )
• DUBOIS, GUILLAUME (1656–1723)
• DUBOIS, JEAN ANTOINE (1765-1848)
• DUBOIS, PAUL (1829-1905)
• DUBOIS, PIERRE (c. 1250-c. 1312)

Dubois . But See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting his old enemy Beauregard in one of the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister's rooms and making an offensive remark, he was waylaid by Beauregard some time after in a less privileged place and soundly beaten . His visiting espionage, as unkind critics put it—his secret See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• MISSION

mission, as he would have liked to have it put himself--began in the summer of 1722, and he set out for it in See also:

• COMPANY

company with a certain Madame de Rupelmonde, to whom he as usual made love, taught deism and served as an amusing travelling See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion . He stayed at See also:

• CAMBRAI

Cambrai for some time, where See also:

• EUROPEAN

European diplomatists were still in full session, journeyed to See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, where he met and quarrelled with See also:

• JEAN

jean See also:

• BAPTISTE

Baptiste See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau, went on to the Hague, and then returned . The Henriade had got on considerably during the See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey, and, according to his lifelong See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit, the poet, with the help of his friend Thieriot and others, had been "working the See also:

• ORACLE (Lat. oraculum, from ora' to pray; the corresponding Greek word is uavreiov or Xpnuri7pwov)

oracle" of puffery . During the See also:

• LATE

late autumn and winter of 1722-23 he See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode chiefly in Paris, taking a kind of lodging in the town See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of M. de Bernieres, a nobleman of See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen, and endeavouring to procure a "See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege" for his poem . In this he was disappointed, but he had the work printed at Rouen nevertheless, and spent the summer of 1723 revising it .

In November he caught smallpox and was very seriously See also:

• ILL

ill, so that the See also:

• BOOK

book was not given to the See also:

• WORLD

world till the spring of 1724 (and then of course, as it had no privilege, appeared privately) . Almost at the same time, the 4th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, his third tragedy, Mariamne appeared, was well received at first, but underwent See also:

• COMPLETE

complete damnation before the See also:

• CURTAIN

curtain fell . The regent had died shortly before, not to Voltaire's See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage; for he had been a generous See also:

• PATRON

patron . Voltaire had made, however, a useful friend in another grand seigneur, as profligate and nearly as intelligent, the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu, and with him he passed 1724 and the next year chiefly, recasting Mariamne (which was now successful), writing the See also:

• COMEDY

comedy of L'Indiscret, and courting the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen, the ministers, the favourites and everybody who seemed See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth . The end of 1725 brought a disastrous See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of his life . He was insulted by the See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

chevalier de See also:

• ROHAN
• ROHAN, HENRI
• ROHAN, LOUIS RENE EDOUARD, CARDINAL DE (1734-1803)

Rohan, replied with his usual sharpness of See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue, and shortly afterwards, when dining with the duke of Sully, was called out and bastinadoed by the chavelier's hirelings, Rohan himself looking on . Nobody would take his part, and at last, nearly three months after the See also:

• OUTRAGE (through O. Fr. ultrage, oltrage, oultrage, from Lat. ultra, beyond, exceeding, cf. Ital. oltraggio; the meaning has been influenced by connexion with " rage," anger)

outrage, he challenged Rohan, who accepted the See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge, but on the See also:

• MORNING

morning appointed for the See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel Voltaire was arrested and sent for the second time to the Bastille . He was kept in confinement a fortnight, and was then packed off to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in accordance with his own See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request . Voltaire revenged himself on the duke of Sully for his conduct towards his See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest by cutting Maximilien de See also:

• BETHUNE
• BETHUNE (FAMILY)
• BETHUNE, CONON

Bethune's name out of the Henriade . No competent See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges have ever mistaken the importance of Voltaire's visit to England, and the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence it exercised on his future career . In the first place, the ridiculous and discreditable incident of the beating had time to See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow over; in the second, England was a very favourable place for French-men of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note to pick up guineas; in the third, and most important of all, his contact with a See also:

• PEOPLE

people then far more different in every conceivable way from .their neighbours than any two peoples of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe are different now, acted as a See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign tonic and stimulant on his See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect and literary faculty . Before the See also:

• ENGLISH

English visit Voltaire had been an elegant trifler, an See also:

• ADEPT (if used as a substantive pronounced adept, if as an adjective adept; from Lat. adeptus, one who has Attained)

adept in the forms of literature popular in French society, a sort of See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior See also:

• DORAT, CLAUDE JOSEPH (1734-1780)

Dorat or See also:

• BOUFFLERS, LOUIS FRANCCOIS
• BOUFFLERS, STANISLAS JEAN, CHEVALIER DE (1737-1815)

Boufflers of earlier growth .

He returned from that visit one of the foremost literary men in Europe, with views, if not profound or accurate, yet wide and acute on all See also:

• LES

les grands sujets, and with a solid stock of See also:

• MONEY

money . The visit lasted about three years, from 1726 to 1729; and, as ifto make the visitor's See also:

• LUCK

luck certain, See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George I. died and George II. succeeded soon after his arrival . The new See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king was not fond of " boetry," but Queen See also:

• CAROLINE
• CAROLINE (1683-1737)

Caroline was, and See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy was pleased at the thought of welcoming a distinguished exile from French illiberality . The Walpoles, Bubb Dodington, See also:

• BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST JOHN, VISCOUNT (1678-1751)

Bolingbroke, See also:

• CONGREVE, RICHARD (1818-1899)
• CONGREVE, SIR WILLIAM
• CONGREVE, WILLIAM (167o-1729)

Congreve, Sarah, duchess of See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

Marl-See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough, See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope, were among his English friends . He made acquaintance with, and at least tried to appreciate, See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare . He was much struck by English See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners, was deeply penetrated by English See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration for See also:

• PERSONAL

personal freethought and eccentricity, and gained some thousands of pounds from an authorized English edition of the Henriade, dedicated to the queen . But he visited Paris now and then without permission, and his mind, like the mind of every exiled Frenchman, was always set thereon . He gained full See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence to return in the spring of 1729 . He was full of literary projects, and immediately after his return he is said to have increased his See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune immensely by a lucky lottery See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation . The Henriade was at last licensed in France; See also:

• BRUTUS (originally an adjective meaning " heavy," "stupid," kindred with Gr. aap(s, cf. Eng. " brute," " brutal")

Brutus, a play which he had printed in England, was accepted for performance, but kept back for a time by the author; and he began the celebrated poem of the Pucelle, the amusement and the torment of great part of his life . But he had great difficulties with two of his chief See also:

• WORKS

works which were ready to appear, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles XII. and the Lettres sur les Anglais . With both he took all imaginable pains to avoid offending the censorship; for Voltaire had, more than any other man.. who ever lived, the ability and the willingness to stoop to conquer .

At the end of 1730 Brutus did actually get acted . Then in the spring of the next year he went to Rouen to get Charles XII. surreptitiously printed, which he accomplished . In 1732 another tragedy, Eriphile, appeared, with the same kind of halting success which had distinguished the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of its See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder sisters since CEdipe . But at last, on the 13th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1732, he produced See also:

• ZAIRE

Zaire, the best (with See also:

• MEROPE

Merope) of all his plays, and one of the ten or twelve best plays of the whole French classical school . Its See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive was borrowed to some extent from Othello, but that matters little . In the following winter the death of the comtesse de See also:

• FONTAINE, PIERRE FRANCOIS LEONARD (1762-1853)

Fontaine-Martel, whose guest he had been, turned him out of a comfortable abode . He then took lodgings with an See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent of his, one Demoulin, in an out-of-the-way part of Paris, and was, for some time at least, as much occupied with contracts, speculation and all sorts of means of gaining money as with literature . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of this period, however, in 1733, two important books, the Lettres philosophiques sur les Anglais and the Temple du See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat appeared . Both were likely to make bad See also:

• BLOOD

blood, for the latter was, under the See also:

• MASK (Fr. masque, apparently from med. Lat. mascus, masca, spectre, through Ital. maschera, Span. mascara)

mask of easy verse, a See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire on See also:

• CON

con-temporary French literature, especially on J . B . Rousseau, and the former was, in the See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

guise of a See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism or rather See also:

• PANEGYRIC

panegyric of English ways, an attack on everything established in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of France . It was published with certain "remarks" on See also:

• PASCAL, BLAISE (1623-1662)
• PASCAL, JACQUELINE (1625-T661)

Pascal, more offensive to orthodoxy than itself, and no See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy was shown to it .

The book was condemned (See also:

• JUNE

June loth, 1734), the copies seized and burnt, a See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant issued against the author and his dwelling searched . He himself was safe in the See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent duchy of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine with Emilie de See also:

• BRETEUIL, LOUIS CHARLES AUGUSTE LE TONNELIER, BARON DE (1730-1807)

Breteuil, marquise du See also:

• CHATELET (from Med. Lat. castella)

Chatelet.,1 with whom he began to be intimate in 1733; he had now taken up his abode with her at the See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau of Cirey . If the English visit may be regarded as having finished 1 Gabrielle Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Chatelet (1706-1749), was the daughter of the See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron de Breteuil, and married the marquis du Chatelet-Lomont in 1725 . She was an accomplished linguist, musician and mathematician, and deeply interested in See also:

• METAPHYSICS
• METAPHYSICS, or METAPHYSIC (from Gr. /sera, after, d v med, things of nature, lots, i.e. the natural universe)

metaphysics . When she first became intimate with Voltaire she was practically separated from her husband, though he occasionally visited Cirey . She is only important from her connexion with Voltaire, though an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt has been made to treat her as an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original thinker; see F . Hamel, An Eighteenth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century Marquise (1910) . She wrote Institutions de physique (1740), Dissertation sur la nature et la See also:

• PROPAGATION

propagation du See also:

• FEU

feu (1744), Doutes sur les religions reculees (1792), and in 1756 published a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton's Principle . Voltaire's education, the Cirey See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence may be justly said to be the first stage of his literary manhood . He had written important and characteristic work before; but he had always been in a kind of literary lVanderjahre . He now obtained a settled home for many years and, taught. by his numerous brushes with the authorities, he began and successfully carried out that See also:

• SYSTEM

system of keeping out of personal harm's way, and of at once denying any awkard responsibility, which made him for nearly half a century at once the chief and the most prosperous of European heretics in regard to all established ideas . It was not till the summer of 1734 that Cirey, a half-dismantled country house on the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne and Lorraine, was fitted up with Voltaire's money and became the head-quarters of himself, of his hostess, and now and then of her accommodating husband .

Many pictures of the life here, some of them not a little malicious, survive . It was not entirely a See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

roses, for the "respectable Emily's" temper was violent, and after a time she sought lovers who were not so much See also:

• DES

des cerebraux as Voltaire . But it provided him with a safe and comfortable See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat, and with every opportunity for literary work . In March 1735 the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar} was formally taken off him, and he was at See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty to return to Paris, a liberty of which he availed himself sparingly . At Cirey he wrote indefatigably and did not neglect business . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal literary results of his early years here were the Discours en vers sur l'homme, the play of Alzire and L'Enfant prodigue (1736), and a long See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the Newtonian system which he and Madame du Chatelet wrote together . But, as usual, Voltaire's extraordinary literary See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry was shown rather in a vast amount of fugitive writings than in substantive works, though for the whole space of his Cirey residence he was engaged in writing, adding to, and altering the Puce/le . In the very first days of his sojourn he had written a pamphlet with the imposing See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Treatise on Metaphysics . Of metaphysics proper Voltaire neither then nor at any other time understood anything, and the subject, like every other, merely served him as a pretext for laughing at See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion with the usual See also:

• RESERVATION (Lat. reservare, to keep back)

reservation of a tolerably affirmative deism . In March 17 36 he received his first See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter from See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, then See also:

• CROWN

crown prince only . He was soon again in trouble, this time for the poem of Le Mondain, and he at once crossed the frontier and then made for Brussels . He spent about three months in the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries, and in March 1737 returned to Cirey. and continued writing, making experiments in physics (he had at this time a large laboratory), and busying himself with See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding, the chief industry of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district .

The best-known accounts of Cirey life, those of Madame de Grafigny, date from the winter of 1738–39; they are somewhat spiteful but very amusing, depicting the frequent quarrels between Madame du Chatelet and Voltaire, his intense suffering under criticism, his See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant dread of the surreptitious publication of the Pucelle (which nevertheless he could not keep his hands from writing or his tongue from reciting to his visitors), and so forth . The chief and most galling of his critics at this time was the Abbe See also:

• DESFONTAINES, RENE LOUICHE (1750-1833)

Desfontaines, and the chief of Desfontaines's attacks was entitled La Voltairomanie, in reply to a See also:

• LIBEL

libel of Voltaire's called Le Preservatif . Both combatants had., according to the absurd habit of the time, to disown their works, Desfontaines's disavowal being formal and procured by the exertion of all Voltaire's own influence both at home and abroad . For he had as little notion of tolerance towards others as of dignity in himself . In April 1739 a journey was made to Brussels, to Paris, and then again to Brussels, which was the headquarters for a considerable time, owing to some law affairs, of the Du Chatelets . Frederick, now king of Prussia, made not a few efforts to get Voltaire away from Madame du Chatelet, but unsuccessfully, and the king earned the lady's cordial hatred by persistently refusing or omitting to invite her . At last, in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1740, See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master and See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil met for the first time at See also:

• CLEVES (Ger. Cleve or Kleve)

Cleves, an interview followed three months later by a longer visit . Brussels was again the headquarters in 1741, by which time Voltaire had finished the best and the secondor third best of his plays, Merope and See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet . Mahomet was played first at See also:

• LILLE

Lille in that year; it did not appear in Paris till August next year, and Merope not till 1743 . This last was, and deserved to be, the most successful of its author's whole theatre . It was in this same year that he received the singular diplomatic mission to Frederick which nobody seems to have taken seriously, and after his return the oscillation between Brussels, Cirey and Paris was resumed . During these years much of the Essai sur les mceurs and the Siecle de Louis XIV. was composed .

He also returned, not too well-advisedly, to the business of courtiership, which he had given up since the death of the regent . He was much employed, owing to Richelieu's influence, in the fetes of the dauphin's See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, and was rewarded through the influence of Madame de See also:

• POMPADOUR, JEANNE ANTOINETTE POISSON LE NORMANT

Pompadour on New Year's Day 1745 by the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment to the See also:

• POST

post of historiographer-royal, once jointly held by See also:

• RACINE
• RACINE, JEAN (1639-1699)
• RACINE, LOUIS (1692-1763)

Racine and Boileau . The situation itself and its accompanying privileges were what Voltaire chiefly aimed at, but there was a See also:

• SALARY

salary of two thousand livres attached, and he had the year before come in for three times as much by the death of his brother . In the same year he wrote a poem on See also:

• FONTENOY

Fontenoy, he received medals from the pope and dedicated Mahomet to him, and he wrote court divertissements and other things to admiration . But he was not a thoroughly skilful courtier, and one of the best known of Voltairiana is the contempt or at least silence with which Louis XV.—a sensualist but no See also:

• FOOL (O. Fr. fol, modern fou, foolish, from a Late Latin use of follis, bellows, a ball filled with air, for a stupid person, a jester, a wind-bag)

fool—received the maladroit and almost insolent inquiry See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan est-il content? addressed in his See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing to Richelieu at the close of a piece in which the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor had appeared with a transparent reference to the king . All this assentation had at least one effect . He, who had been for years admittedly the first writer in France, had been repeatedly passed over in elections to the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy . He was at last elected in the spring of 1746, and received on the 9th of May . Then the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide began to turn . His favour at court had naturally exasperated his enemies; it had not secured him any real friends, and even a gentlemanship of the chamber was no solid benefit, except from the money point of view . He did not indeed hold it very long, but was permitted to sell it for a large sum, retaining the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and privileges . He had various proofs of the instability of his hold on the king during 1747 and in 1748 .

He once See also:

• LAY

lay in hiding for two months with the duchesse du Maine at Sceaux, where were produced the comedietta of La Prude and the tragedy of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome sauvee, and afterwards for a time lived chiefly at See also:

• LUNEVILLE

Luneville; here Madame du Chatelet had established herself at the court of King