See also:

• VOLTERRA (anc. Volaterrae)

VOLTERRA (anc. Volaterrae)  , a See also:

• TOWN

town and episcopal see of See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa, from which it is 51 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S.E., and 35 by road W.N.W. from See also:

• SIENA

Siena . Pop . (1901) 5522 (town); 14,207 (See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune) . It stands on a commanding See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive-clad See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence 1785 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level, with a magnificent view over mountains and sea (the latter some 20 M. distant), and is surrounded by the massive remains of its See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient walls of large, roughly-rectangular blocks of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, some 4z m. in See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, enclosing an See also:

• AREA

area which must have been larger than was actually needed for habitation . Tombs of the pre-See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan or See also:

• VILLANOVA

Villanova See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period have been found within its circuit, but only at the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west extremity near S . Giusto . Here the See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay of which the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill is formed is gradually giving way, causing landslips and the collapse of buildings, notably of the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of S . Salvatore (1030) . The See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval town occupies only the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern portion of this area . The most important relic of its Etruscan period is the Ponta dell' Arco, an archway of dark greystone, about 20 ft. high, the corbels of which are adorned with almost obliterated heads, probably representing the See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian deities of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . There are remains of See also:

• BATHS

baths and a cistern of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman date . See also:

• VOLTERRA (anc. Volaterrae)

Volterra preserves its medieval See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, having suffered little modification since the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century .

The town contains many picturesque medieval towers and houses . The Palazzo dei Priori (1208–54), now the municipal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, is especially See also:

• FINE

fine, and the piazza in which it stands most picturesque . The museum contains a very valuable collection of Etruscan antiquities, especially cinerary urns from the ancient tombs N. and E. of the town . The urns themselves are of See also:

• ALABASTER
• ALABASTER, or ARBLASTIER, WILLIAM (1567-1640)

alabaster, with the figure of the deceased on the lid, and reliefs from See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek myths on the front . They belong to the 3rd–2nd centuries B.C . A See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb outside the town of the 6th century B.C., discovered in 1898, consisted of a See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round underground chamber, roofed with gradually projecting slabs of stone . The goof was supported in the centre by a massive square See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar (E . Petersen in Romische Mitteilungen, 1898, 409; cf. id. ibid., 1904, 244 for a similar one near See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence) . There are also in the museum Romanesque sculptures from the old church of S . Giusto, &c . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, consecrated in 1120 (?), but enlarged and adorned by Niccolo See also:

• PISANO, A
• PISANO, ANDREA
• PISANO, GIOVANNI (c. 1250-1330)
• PISANO, NICCOLA (c. 1206-1278)
• PISANO, VITTORE (c. 1380-1456)

Pisano (?) in 1254, has a fine See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit of that period, and on the high See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar are sculptures by Mino da See also:

• FIESOLE (anc. Faesulae, q.v.)

Fiesole; it contains several See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good pictures—the best is an " See also:

• ANNUNCIATION

Annunciation " by Luca See also:

• SIGNORELLI, LUCA (c. 1442-c. 1524)

Signorelli . The See also:

• SACRISTY (through Fr. sacrist-le, from med. Lat. sacristies or sacristina)

sacristy has fine carvings .

The See also:

• BAPTISTERY (Baptislerium, in the Greek Church 4wrurrilpiov)

baptistery belongs to the 13th century; the See also:

• FONT (Lat. fans, " fountain " or " spring," Ital. fonte, Fr. les fonts)

font is by See also:

• ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea See also:

• SANSOVINO, ANDREA CONTUCCI DEL MONTE (1460-1529)
• SANSOVINO, JACOPO (1477—1570)

Sansovino, and the See also:

• CIBORIUM

ciborium by Mino da Fiesole . Both these buildings are in See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble . S . See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco has frescoes of 1410, and S . See also:

• GIROLAMO (1450-1486)

Girolamo terra-cottas and pictures . The citadel, now a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of correction, consists of two portions, the Rocca Vecchia, built in 1343 by See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter de Brienne, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, and the Rocca Nuova, built by the Florentines (1472) . The inhabitants are chiefly employed in the manufacture of vases and other ornaments from alabaster, of good quality, found in the vicinity . There are also in the neighbourhood See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt See also:

• WORKS

works and mines, as well as boracic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid works . This acid is exhaled in volcanic See also:

• GAS

gas, which is passed through See also:

• WATER

water tanks . The acid is deposited in the water and afterwards evaporated . It is sent to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and used largely in the manufacture of pottery glaze . Volaterrae (Etruscan Velathri) was one of the most powerful of the twelve confederate cities of See also:

• ETRURIA

Etruria .

During the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war between See also:

• MARIUS, GAIUS (r55–86 B.c.)

Marius and See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla it withstood the latter's troops for two years in 82–8o B.C . As a result of its resistance Sulla carried a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law for the See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation of the See also:

• LAND

land of those inhabitants of Volaterrae who had had the privileges of Roman citizenship . This, however, does not seem to have been carried out until See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar as See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator divided some of the territory of Volaterrae among his veterans . Among its See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble families the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief was that of the Caecinae, who took their name from the See also:

• RIVER

river which runs See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to Volaterrae and still retains the name Cecina . See also:

• CICERO

Cicero defended one of its members in an extant speech . It is included by See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny among the municipal towns of Etruria . In the 12th and 13th centuries it enjoyed See also:

• FREE

free institutions; in 1361 it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of Florence . It rebelled, but was retaken and pillaged in 1472 . See also:

• PERSIUS

Persius the satirist and the painter Daniele da Volterra were both natives of the town . Several works of the latter are preserved there . See C . See also:

• RICCI, MATTEO (1552-1610)

Ricci, Volterra (See also:

• BERGAMO
• BERGAMO (anc. Bergomum)

Bergamo, 1905); E .

Bormann in Corp . Inscr . Latin. xi . (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1888), p . 324; G . See also:

• DENNIS, JOHN (1657—1734)

Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1883), ii . 136 . (T .