ARTEMY PETROVICH See also:

• ARTEMY PETROVICH VOLUINSKY (1689-1740)

VOLUINSKY (1689-1740)  , See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and statesman, son of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter See also:

• VOLUINSKY, ARTEMY PETROVICH (1689-1740)

Voluinsky, one of the dignitaries at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore III., came of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• FAMILY

family . He entered a See also:

• DRAGOON (Fr. dragon, Ger. Dragoner)

dragoon See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment in 1704 and See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain; then, exchanging the military service for See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy, he was attached to the See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite of See also:

• VICE

Vice-See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

Chancellor See also:

• SHAFIROV, PETER PAVLOVICH, BARON (1670-1739)

Shafirov . He was See also:

• PRESENT

present during the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of the Pruth, shared Shafirov's captivity in the Seven Towers and in 171.5 was sent by Peter the See also:

• GREAT

Great to See also:

• PERSIA

Persia to promote Russian See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence there, and if possible to find an outlet to See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . In 1718 Peter made him one of his six See also:

• ADJUTANT (from Lat. adjutare, to aid)

adjutant-generals, and See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• ASTRAKHAN

Astrakhan . In this See also:

• POST

post Voluinsky displayed distinguished administrative and See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial talents . In 1723 he married Alexandra Naruishkina, Peter's See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin . The same See also:

• YEAR

year he was accused of peculation and other offences to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, who caned him severely and deprived him of his plenipotentiary See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, despite his undeniable services in Persia, but for which Peter could never have emerged so triumphantly from the difficult See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1722-23 . See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine I. made Voluinsky governor of Kazan for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and he held the same post for two years (1728–30) under Peter II . But his incurable corruption and unbridled See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper so discredited the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government that he was deprived of the post shortly after the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne . From 1730 to 1736 Voluinsky served in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army under Miinnich . In 1737 he was appointed the second Russian plenipotentiary at the abortive See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of Nemirov held for the conclusion of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with the See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte . In 1738 he was introduced into the Russian See also:

• CABINET

cabinet by See also:

• BIREN (or BUHREN), ERNST JOHANN (16go-1772)

Biren as a counterpoise against Andrei See also:

• OSTERMAN, ANDREI IVANOVICH, COUNT (1686—1747)

Osterman .

Voluinsky, however, now thought himself strong enough to See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to supersede Biren himself, and openly opposed the favourite in the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State in the debates as to the See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity due to See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland for the violations of her territory during the war of the See also:

• POLISH

Polish See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession, Biren advising that a liberal indemnity should be given, whereas Voluinsky objected to any indemnity at all . Biren thereupon forced Anne to See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order an inquiry into Voluinsky's past career, with the result that he was tried before a tribunal of Biren's creatures and condemned to be broken on the See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel and then beheaded . On the See also:

• SCAFFOLD
• SCAFFOLD, SCAFFOLDING (from the O. Fr. escafaut, originally escafalt, modern echafaud, a corruption of the Italian or Spanish calafalco, a platform, especially a canopy over a bier, a catafalque; this word is composed of O. Span. altar, O. Ital. catare, t

scaffold, " by the clemency of the empress," his See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment was mitigated to the severing of his right See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand followed by decapitation . The whole business seems to have been purely a piece of vindictiveness on the See also:

• PART

part of Biren . See R . N . See also:

• BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903)
• BAIN, ANDREW GEDDES (1797-1864)

Bain, The Pupils of Peter the Great (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1897); D . A . Korsakov, From the Lives of Russian Statesmen of the X VIIIth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century (Rus.) (Kazan, 1891) . (R . N .