JOOST See also:

• VAN

VAN DEN See also:

• JOOST VAN DEN VONDEL (1587—1679)

VONDEL (1587—1679)  , Dutch poet, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne on the 17th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1587 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, a hatter, was an See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile from See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his See also:

• ANA

Ana-baptist opinions; but he returned to See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland when Joost was about ten years old, and settled in See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, where he carried on a See also:

• HOSIERY

hosiery business . Joost was the eldest son, and was expected to succeed to his father's See also:

• SHOP

shop . He was See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early introduced to the chamber of the See also:

• EGLANTINE (E. Frisian, egeltiere; Fr. aiglantier)

Eglantine, however, and devoted most of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to See also:

• POETRY

poetry and study . When the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• VONDEL, JOOST VAN DEN (1587—1679)

Vondel died he married Maria de See also:

• WOLFF (less correctly WOLF), CHRISTIAN (1679-1754)
• WOLFF, CASPAR FRIEDRICH (1733-1794)
• WOLFF, JOSEPH (1795–1862)

Wolff, and seems to have See also:

• LEFT

left the management of his affairs in her capable hands . He read the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French contemporary poets, and was especially influenced by the Divine Sepmaine of Du Bartas; he made some See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations from the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German; he was soon introduced to the circle gathered in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• ROEMER, FRIEDRICH ADOLPH (1809-1869)
• ROEMER, OLE (Latinized OLAUS) (1644—1710)

Roemer Visscher, and with these See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends began to make a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close study of classical writers . His first See also:

• PLAY

play, Het Pascha, was printed in 1612, and proved to be the beginning of a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and brilliant See also:

• LITERARY

literary career (see DUTCH LITERATURE) . After the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of his See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama of See also:

• PALAMEDES

Palamedes, or Murdered Innocence (1625), which expressed his indignation at the judicial See also:

• MURDER

murder of See also:

• OLDENBARNEVELDT, JOHAN VAN (1547-1619)

Oldenbarneveldt in 1619, Vondel had to go into hiding, but the Amsterdam magistrates eventually satisfied themselves with exacting a small See also:

• FINE

fine . In the following years he issued a number of stinging satires against the extreme Calvinists, and he entered into close relationshipwith See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo See also:

• GROTIUS, HUGO (1583-1645)

Grotius, another sufferer for his liberal opinions . Vondel had long been attracted by the aesthetic See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, and this inclination was perhaps strengthened by his friendship with See also:

• MARIE

Marie Tesselschade Visscher, for the Visscher See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household had been Catholic and liberal . Tesselschade's See also:

• HUSBAND

husband died in 1634; Vondel's wife died in 1635; and the ties between the two were strengthened by time . Vondel eventually showed his revolt against the Calvinist tyranny by formally embracing the Roman Catholic faith in 1640 .

The step was See also:

• ILL

ill-received by many of his friends, and See also:

• HOOFT, PIETER CORNELISSEN (1581-1647)

Hooft forbade him the hospitality of his See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle at Muiden . In 1657 his only surviving son, who was entrusted with the hosiery business, mismanaged affairs to such an extent that he had to take See also:

• SHIP

ship for the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Indies, leaving his father to See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face the creditors . Vondel had to See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice the whole of his small See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune, and became a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government clerk . He was pensioned after ten years' service, and died on the 5th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1679 . The more important of his See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-two dramas are: Hierusalem Verwoest (" See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem laid desolate ") (162o); Palamedes, of Vermoorde onnooselheyd (" Palamedes, or Murdered Innocence ") (1625); Gijsfreght See also:

• VAN

van Aemstel (1637); De Gebroeders (1640), the subject of which is the ruin of the sons of See also:

• SAUL (Heb. shd'ul, " asked ")

Saul; See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph in Egypten (1640), Maria See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart, of gemartelde majesteit (1646); the See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral of De Leeuwendalers (1648) ; See also:

• LUCIFER (d. 370/1)
• LUCIFER (the Latinized form of Gr. 4scwo'4 bpos, " light-bearer ")

Lucifer (1654) ; See also:

• SALMONEUS

Salmoneus (See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon) (1657) Jephtha `(1659); Koning See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David in ballingschap (" See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King David in banishment "), Koning David hersteld (" King David restored ") and See also:

• SAMSON (1135-1211)
• SAMSON (cf. Heb. shemesh, " sun ")
• SAMSON, JOSEPH ISIDORE (1793-1871)

Samson (1660); Batavische Gebroeders, the subject of which is the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius See also:

• CIVILIS, CLAUDIUS

Civilis (1663); See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam in ballingschap (" Adam in exile ") (1664), after the Latin tragedy of Hugo Grotius . He also wrote translations from the tragedies of See also:

• SENECA

Seneca, See also:

• EURIPIDES (48o–4o6 B.C.)

Euripides and See also:

• SOPHOCLES (495-406 B.c.)

Sophocles; didactic poems, and much lyrical poetry beside what is to be found in the choruses of his dramas . His See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• WORKS

works were edited by van See also:

• LENNEP

Lennep (12 vols., 1850—1869) . A bibliography (1888) was published by J . H . W . Unger, who revised van Lennep's edition in 1888—94 . Lucifer was translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse by L .

C. van Noppen (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1898) . See also E . See also:

• GOSSE, EDMUND (1849– )
• GOSSE, PHILIP HENRY (1810–r888)

Gosse, Studies in See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern Literature (1879); G . Edmundson, See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton and Vondel (1885), where Milton's supposed indebtedness to Vondel is discussed; and See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical studies by A . Baumgartner, S . J . (See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg, 1882); C . Looten (See also:

• LILLE

Lille, 1889), by J . A . Alberdingk Thijm (Portretten van Joost van den Vondel, 1876); and especially the chapters on Vondel (pp . 133—325) in W . J .

A . Jonckbloet's Geschiedenis der nederlandsche letterkunde (vol. iv . 1890) .