See also:

• GERHARD
• GERHARD, FRIEDRICH WILHELM EDUARD (1795-1867)

GERHARD JOHANN See also:

• GERHARD JOHANN VOSSIUS [Voss] (1577–1649)

VOSSIUS [See also:

• VOSS, JOHANN HEINRICH (1751–1826)
• VOSS, RICHARD (1851– )

Voss] (1577–1649)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German classical See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and theologian, was the son of Johannes See also:

• VOSS, JOHANN HEINRICH (1751–1826)
• VOSS, RICHARD (1851– )

Voss, a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant of the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands, who fled from persecution into the See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

Palatinate and became pastor in the See also:

• VILLAGE

village near See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg where See also:

• GERHARD
• GERHARD, FRIEDRICH WILHELM EDUARD (1795-1867)

Gerhard was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born . Johannes was a Calvinist, however, and the strict See also:

• LUTHERANS

Lutherans of the Palatinate caused him once more to become a wanderer; in 1578 he settled at See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden as student of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, and finally became pastor at See also:

• DORT, SYNOD OF

Dort, where he died in 1585 . Here the son received his educa- See also:

• VOSSIUS [Voss], GERHARD JOHANN (1577–1649)

Vossius was amongst the first to treat theological dogmas and the See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen religions from the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical point of view . His See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• WORKS

works are Historia Pelagiana sive Historiae de controversiis coos See also:

• PELAGIUS
• PELAGIUS (c. 360- c. 420)

Pelagius ejusque reliquiae moverunt (1618) ; See also:

• ARISTARCHUS

Aristarchus, sive de arte grammalica (1635 and 1695; new ed. in 2 vols., 1833–35); Etymologicum linguae Latham (1662; new ed. in two vols., 1762–63) ; tion, and antiquarian See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research until his See also:

• DEATH

death on the on, until in 1595 he entered the university of Leiden, where he became the lifelong friend of See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo See also:

• GROTIUS, HUGO (1583-1645)

Grotius, and studied 29th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1826. See also:

• CLASSICS

classics, See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew, See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church See also:

• HISTORY

history and theology . In 1600 he Voss was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of a remarkably See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent and vigorous was made See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of the high school at Dort, and devoted See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . In 1785—95 he published in two volumes a collection of See also:

• ORIGINAL

original poeme, to which he afterwards made many additions . The himself to See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology and historical theology . From 1614 to best of these works is his idyllic poem Luise (1795), in which he 1619 he was director of the theological See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college at Leiden. sought, with much success, to apply the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and methods of Meantime he was ga,ining a See also:

• GREAT

great reputation as a scholar, not classical See also:

• POETRY

poetry to the expression of See also:

• MODERN

modern German thought and only in the Netherlands, but also in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . sentiment . In his hlythologische Briefe (2 vols., 1794), in which he But in spite of the moderation of his views and his abstention attacked the ideas of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Gottlob See also:

• HEYNE, CHRISTIAN GOTTLOB (1729–1812)

Heyne, in his Antisymbolik (2 vols., 1824–26), written in opposition to Georg See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Creuzer from controversy, he came under suspicion of See also:

• HERESY

heresy, and (1771–1858), and in other writings he made important contributions escaped See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion from his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office only by resignation (1619). to the study of See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology . He was also prominent as an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate The See also:

• YEAR

year before he had published his valuable history of of the right of See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment in See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, and at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when some Pelagian controversies, which his enemies considered favourer, members of the Romantic school were being converted to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic church he produced a strong impression by a the views of the Arminians or See also:

• REMONSTRANTS

Remonstrants . In 1622, however, powerful See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article, in Sophronizon, on his friend Friedrich von Stol- he was appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric and See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology, and See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

berg's repudiation of Protestantism (1819) .

It is, however, as a subsequently of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek, in the university . He declined invita- translator that Voss chiefly owes his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in German literature. tions from See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, but accepted from See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

• LAUD (Lat. laws)
• LAUD, WILLIAM (1573-1645)

Laud a IIis See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations indicate not only See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound scholarship but a thorough mastery of the See also:

• LAWS

laws of German diction and See also:

• RHYTHM (Greek pvBµds, from bap, to flow)

rhythm . The most prebend in See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral without See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, and went famous of his translations are those of See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer . Of these the best to England to be installed in 1629, when he was made LL.D. at is the See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the Odyssey,. as originally issued in 1781 . He See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford . In 1632 he See also:

• LEFT

left Leiden to take the See also:

• POST

post of professor also translated See also:

• HESIOD

Hesiod, Theocrtus, See also:

• BION

Bion and lbloschus, See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil, of history in the newly founded See also:

• ATHENAEUM

Athenaeum at See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace, See also:

• TIBULLUS, ALBIUS (c. 54–19 B.c.)

Tibullus, Properties and other classical poets, and he prepared a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical edition of Tibullus . In 1818–29 was published, which he held till his death on the 19th of March 1649 . in 9 Vols., a translation of See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare's plays, which he com- His son ISAAK (1618–1689), after a brilliant career of scholar- pleted with the help of his sons Heinrich and See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham, both of See also:

• SHIP

ship in See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, became residentiary See also:

• CANON

canon at See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor in 1673 . whom were scholars and writers of considerable ability . He was the author of De septuaginla interpretibeas (1661), De J . II . Voss's Sdmttiche poetische II erke were published by his son Abraham in 1835; new ed .

1850 . A See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good selection is in A . Sauer, poematum See also:

• CANTU, CESARE (1804-1895)

cantu et viribus rhythmi (1673), and Variorum Der Gatlinger Dichterbund, vol. i . (Kfirsc_hner's Deutsche See also:

• NATIONAL

National- observationum fiber (1685) . literatur, vol . 49, 1887) . His Letters were also published by his son in 4 vols . (1829–33) . Voss left a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short autobiography, Abriss meines Lebens (1815) . See also W . Herbst, J . H .

Voss (3 vols., 1872–76); A . Heussncr, J . H . Voss als Schulmann in See also:

• EUTIN

Eutin (1882) .