See also:

• VOW (Lat. votum, vow, promise: cf. VOTE)

VOW (See also:

• LAT

Lat. votum, vow, promise: cf. See also:

• VOTE

VOTE)  , a transaction between a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and a See also:

• GOD

god; whereby the former undertakes in the future to render some service or See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift to the god or devotes something valuable now and here to his use . The god on his See also:

• PART

part is reckoned to be going to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant or to have granted already some See also:

• SPECIAL

special favour to his votary in return for the promise made or service declared . Different formalities and ceremonies may in different religions attend the taking of a See also:

• VOW (Lat. votum, vow, promise: cf. VOTE)

vow, but in all the wrath of See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven or of See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

hell is visited upon one who breaks it . A vow has to be distinguished, firstly, from other and See also:

• LOWER

lower ways of persuading or constraining supernatural See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers to give what man desires and to help him in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of need; and secondly, from the ordered See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual and regularly recurring ceremonies of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . These two distinctions must be examined a little more at length . It would be an abuse of See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language to apply the See also:

• TERM

term vow to the uses of imitative magic, e.g. to the See also:

• ACTION

action of a barren woman among the See also:

• BATTAS (Dutch Battaks)

Battas of See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra, who in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to become a See also:

• MOTHER

mother makes a wooden See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child and holds it in her See also:

• LAP

lap . For in such See also:

• RITES

rites no prominence is given to the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea—even if it exists—of a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal relation between the petitioner and the supernatural See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . The latter is, so 'to speak, mechanically constrained to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act by the spell or magical rite; the forces liberated in fulfilment, not of a See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition, but of a wish are not those of a conscious will, and therefore no thanks are due from the wisher in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case he is successful . The deities, however, to whom vows are made or discharged are already personal beings, capable of entering into contracts or covenants with man, of understanding the claims which his vow establishes on their benevolence, and of valuing his gratitude; conversely, in the taking of a vow the petitioner's piety and spiritual attitude have begun to outweigh those merely ritual details of the ceremony which in magical rites are all-important . Sometimes the old magical usage survives See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side with the more See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed idea of a personal power to be approached in See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer . For example, in the Maghrib (in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa), in time of drought the maidens of Mazouna carry every evening in See also:

• PRO

pro-cession through the streets a See also:

• DOLL

doll called ghonja, really a dressed-up wooden See also:

• SPOON (O. Eng. span, a chip or splinter of wood, cf. Du. spoon, Ger. Spahn, in same sense, probably related to Gr. r4 v, wedge)

spoon, symbolizing a pre-Islamic See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-spirit . Often one of the girls carries on her shoulders a See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, and her companions sing the following words: " Rain, fall, and I will give you my kid .

He has a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head; he neither bleats Nor complains; he says not, ` I am See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold.' Rain, who fillest the skins, Wet our raiment . Rain, who feedest the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, Overturn the doors of our houses." Here we have a sympathetic rain See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm, combined with a prayer to the rain viewed as a personal goddess and with a promise or vow to give her the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal . The point of the promise lies of course in the fact that See also:

• WATER

water is in that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country stored and carried in sheep-skins.' Secondly, the vow is quite apart from established cults, and is not provided for in the religious See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar . The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman vow (votum), as W . W . See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler observes in his See also:

• WORK

work The Roman Festivals (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1899), p . 346, " was the exception, not the See also:

• RULE

rule; it was a promise made by an individual at some See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical moment, not the ordered and recurring ritual of the See also:

• FAMILY

family or the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State." The vow, however, contained so large an See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary prayer that in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek language one and the same word (ebxil) expressed both . The characteristic See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of the vow, as Suidas in his See also:

• LEXICON

lexicon and the Greek See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church fathers remark, was that it was a promise either of things to be offered to God in the future and at once consecrated to Him in view of their being so offered, or of austerities to be undergone . For offering and austerity, See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice and suffering, are equally calculated to appease an offended deity's wrath or win his See also:

• GOODWILL

goodwill . The See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible affords many examples of vows . Thus in See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges xi . See also:

• JEPHTHAH

Jephthah " vowed a vow unto the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord, and said, If See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou wilt indeed deliver the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of See also:

• AMMON
• AMMON, CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1766—185o)

Ammon into my See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, then it shall be that whosoever cometh forth out of the doors of my See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house to meet me, when I return in See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace from the children of Ammon, it shall be the Lord's, and I will offer it up for a burnt-offering." In the sequel it is his own daughter who so meets him, and he sacrifices her after a See also:

• RESPITE (O. Fr. respit, modern repit, Lat. respectus, regard, consideration, respicere, to look back at)

respite of two months granted her in order to " bewail her virginity upon the mountains." A thing or See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person thus vowed to the deity became See also:

• HOLY

holy or See also:

• TABOO (also written tapu and tabu)

taboo; and for it, as the above See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story indicates, nothing could be substituted .

It belonged to once to the See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary or to the priests who re-presented the god . In the Jewish religion, the latter, under certain conditions, defined in See also:

• LEVITICUS

Leviticus See also:

• XXVII

xxvii., could permit it to be redeemed . But to substitute an unclean for a clean beast which had been vowed, or an imperfect victim for a flawless one, was to See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court with certainty the divine displeasure . It is often difficult to distinguish a vow from an See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath . Thas in Acts See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 21, over See also:

• FORTY

forty See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, enemies of See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound themselves, under a curse, neither to eat nor to drink till they had slain him . In the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Fathers we hear of vows to abstain from flesh See also:

• DIET

diet and See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine . But of the abstentions observed by votaries, those which had relation to the See also:

• BARBER (from Lat. barba, beard)

barber's See also:

• ART

art were the commonest . Wherever individuals were concerned to create or confirm a tie connecting them with a god, a See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine or a particular religious circle, a See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair-offering was in some See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form or other imperative . They began by polling their locks at the shrine and See also:

• LEFT

left them as a soul-token in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the god, and never polled them afresh until the vow was fulfilled . So See also:

• ACHILLES
• ACHILLES (Gr. 'AxtXXeus)

Achilles consecrated his hair to the See also:

• RIVER

river Spercheus and vowed not to cut it till he should return safe from See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy; and the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew See also:

• NAZARITE

Nazarite, whose strength resided in his flowing locks, only cut them off and burned them on the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar when the days of his vow were ended, and he could return to ordinary See also:

• LIFE

life, having achieved his See also:

• MISSION

mission . So in Acts xviii .

18 Paul " had shorn his head in Cenchreae, for he had a vow." In Acts xxi . 23 we hear of four Jews who, having a vow on them, had their heads shaved at Paul's expense . Among the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CHATTI

Chatti, as See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus relates (Germania, 31), See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men allowed their hair and beards to grow, and vowed to court danger in that See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

guise ' See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor A . See also:

• BEL

Bel in See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper Quelq se rites pour obtenir la pluic, in xiv" Congres See also:

• DES

des 0rientalistes (See also:

• ALGER, RUSSELL ALEXANDER (1836-1907)

Alger, 19os) . until they each had slain an enemy . See also:

• ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853)
• ROBERTSON, GEORGE CROOM (1842-1892)
• ROBERTSON, JOSEPH (1810-1866)
• ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871)
• ROBERTSON, WILLIAM BRUCE (182o-1886)

Robertson See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith (Religion of the Semites, ed . 1901, p . 483) with much See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability explains such usages from the widespread See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive belief that a man's life lurks in his hair, so that the devotee being consecrated or taboo to a god, his hair must be retained during the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of taboo or See also:

• PURIFICATION

purification (as it is called in Acts xxi . 26) lest it be dissipated and profaned . The hair being part and See also:

• PARCEL (Fr. parcelle, Ital. particella, Lat. particela, diminutive of pars, part)

parcel of the votary, its profanation would profane him and break the taboo . The same author remarks that this is why, when the hair of a See also:

• MAORI

Maori See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief was cut, it was, being like the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his person sacred or taboo, collected and buried in a sacred See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place or hung on a See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree . And we meet with the same See also:

• SCRUPLE

scruple in the See also:

• INITIATION (Lat. inilium, beginning, entrance, from mire, to go in)

initiation rite, called axi a, of Eastern monks .

First, the novice is care-fully denuded of the clothes, shoes and headgear, which he wore in the See also:

• WORLD

world, and which, being profane or unclean, would violate the taboo about to be set on him . His hair is then polled See also:

• CROSS

cross-See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise by way of consecrating it; and in some forms of the rite the presiding See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk, called " the See also:

• FATHER

father of the hair," collects the shorn locks and deposits them under the altar or in some other safe and sacred place . Greek nuns used to keep the hair thus shorn off, weave it into girdles, and See also:

• WEAR

wear it for the rest of their lives See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round their waists, where See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to their holy persons there was no See also:

• RISK

risk of its being defiled by See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien contact . The rest of this rite of tXiµa, especially as it is preserved in the old Armenian versions, smacks no less of the most primitive taboo . For the novice, after being thus tonsured, advances to the altar holding a See also:

• TAPER (probably of Celtic origin, cf. Irish tapar, Welsh tampr, taper, torch)

taper in either hand, just as tapers were tied to the horns of an animal victim; the new and sacred garb which is to demarcate him henceforth from the unclean world is put upon him, and the presiding father laying his right hand upon him devotes him with a prayer which begins thus: " To thee, 0 Lord, as a rational whole burnt-offering, as mystic See also:

• FRANKINCENSE

frankincense, as voluntary See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage and See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, we offer up this thy servant N. or M." From the same point of view is to be explained the See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition to one under a vow of flesh diet and fermented drinks; for it was believed that by partaking of these a man might introduce into his See also:

• BODY

body the unclean See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits which inhabited them—the See also:

• BRUTE, SIMON WILLIAM GABRIEL (1779–1839)

brute soul which infested See also:

• MEAT

meat, especially when the animal was strangled, and the cardiac demon, as the Rabbis called it, which harboured in wine . The same considerations help to explain the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of votive offerings . Any popular shrine in Latin countries is hung with See also:

• WAX

wax See also:

• MODELS

models of limbs that have been healed, of See also:

• SHIPS

ships saved from See also:

• WRECK

wreck, or with pictures representing the votary's See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from perils by See also:

• LAND

land and See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . So See also:

• CICERO

Cicero (de Deorum Natura, iii . 37) relates how a friend remarked to See also:

• DIAGORAS

Diagoras the Atheist when they reached See also:

• SAMOTHRACE (Turk. Semadrek)

Samothrace: " You who say that the gods neglect men's affairs, do you not perceive from the many pictures how many have escaped the force of the See also:

• TEMPEST, MARIE (1866– )

tempest and reached See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour safel_y." Diagoras's See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer, that the many more who had suffered shipwreck and perished had no pictures to See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record their See also:

• FATE

fate does not concern us here . It is only pertinent to remark that these votivae tabellae and offerings may have had originally another significance than that of merely recording the. votary's salvation and of marking his gratitude . The See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model See also:

• SHIP

ship may be a substitute for the entire ship which is become sacred to the god, but cannot be deposited in the shrine; the See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature limbs of wax are substitutes for the real limbs which now belong to the god . In other cases the very See also:

• OBJECTS

objects which are taboo are given to the god as when a sailor deposits his See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-stained suit before the idol .

The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general idea, then, involved in vows, whether ancient or See also:

• MODERN

modern, is that to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express which the modern anthropologist borrows the Polynesian word taboo . The votary desirous to " antedate his future act of service and make its efficacy begin at once," 1 formally dedicates through spoken See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula and ritual act a lifeless See also:

• OBJECT

object such as a See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring, an animal, his hair or his entire person to the god . He so either makes sure of future blessings, or shows gratitude for those already conferred . Most of the ritual prescriptions that accompany vows are intended 1 Religion of the Semites, Lect.ix.to guard inviolate the sanctity or taboo, the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere of holiness or ritual purity, which envelops the persons or objects vowed or reserved to the god, and thereby separated from ordinary See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular use . The See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of the moral effect of vows upon those who take them belongs rather to the See also:

• HISTORY

history of Christian See also:

• ASCETICISM

asceticism . It may, however, be remarked here that monkish vows, while they may lend to a man's life a certain fixity of aim and moral intensity, nevertheless tend to narrow his interests, and paralyse his wider activities and sympathies . In particular a monk binds himself to a. lifelong and often morbid struggle against the order of nature; and motives become for him not See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good or See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad according to the place they occupy in the living context of social life, but according as they See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear upon an abstract and useless ideal . (F . C .