See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

RUDOLPH See also:

• WAGNER, ADOLF (1835- )
• RUDOLPH WAGNER (1805-1864)
• WAGNER, WILHELM RICHARD (1813-1883)

WAGNER (1805-1864)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German anatomist and physiologist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 3oth of See also:

• JUNE

June 1805 at See also:

• BAYREUTH, or BAIREUTH

Bayreuth, where his See also:

• FATHER

father was a See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor in the gymnasium . He began the study of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine at See also:

• ERLANGEN

Erlangen in 1822, and finished his curriculum in 1826 at See also:

• WURZBURG

Wurzburg, where he had attached himself mostly to J . L . Schonlein in medicine and to K . F . Heusinger in See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy . Aided by a public stipendium, he spent a See also:

• YEAR

year or more studying in the Jardin See also:

• DES

des Plantes, under the friendly See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye of See also:

• CUVIER, GEORGES LEOPOLD CHRETIEN FREDERIC DAGOBERT, BARON (1769-1832)

Cuvier, and in making zoological discoveries at Cagliari and other places on the Mediterranean . On his return he set up in medical practice at See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg, whither his father had been transferred; but in a few months he found an opening for an academical career, on being appointed prosector at Erlangen . In 1832 he became full professor of See also:

• ZOOLOGY (from Gr. Nov, a living thing, and ?byos, theory)

zoology and comparative anatomy there, and held that See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office until 1840, when he was called to succeed J . F . See also:

• BLUMENBACH, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1752–1840)

Blumenbach at See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen . At the Hanoverian university he remained till his See also:

• DEATH

death, being much occupied with administrative See also:

• WORK

work as See also:

• PRO

pro-See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector for a number of years, and for nearly the whole of his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence troubled by See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health (See also:

• PHTHISIS (Gr. 49Lnns " wasting ")

phthisis) .

In 186o he gave over the physiological See also:

• PART

part of his teaching to a new See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair, retaining the zoological, with which his career had begun . While at Frankfurt, on his way to examine the See also:

• NEANDERTHAL

Neanderthal See also:

• SKULL

skull at See also:

• BONN

Bonn, he was struck with See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis, and died at Gottingen a few months later on the 13th of May 1864 . See also:

• WAGNER, ADOLF (1835- )
• WAGNER, RUDOLPH (1805-1864)
• WAGNER, WILHELM RICHARD (1813-1883)

Wagner's activity as a writer and worker was enormous, and his range extensive, most of his hard work having been done at Erlangen while his health was See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good . His See also:

• GRADUATION (see also GRADUATE)

graduation thesis was on the Progress of the working• classes . ambitious subject of " the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical development of epidemic and contagious diseases all over the See also:

• WORLD

world, with the See also:

• LAWS

laws of their See also:

• DIFFUSION (from the Lat. diffundere; dis-, asunder, and fundere, to pour out)

diffusion," which showed the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Schonlein . His first See also:

• TREATISE

treatise was See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Naturgeschichte des Menschen (in 2 vols., See also:

• KEMPTEN

Kempten, 1831) . Frequent journeys to the Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea gave him abundant materials for See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research on invertebrate anatomy and See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology, which he communicated first to the See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of sciences, and republished in his Beitrage zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Elutes (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1832–1833), with additions in 1838) . In 1834–1835 he brought out a See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-See also:

• BOOK

book on the subject of his chair (Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie, Leipzig), which recommended itself to students by its clear and concise See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . A new edition of it appeared in 1843 under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Lehrbuch der Zootontie, of which only the vertebrate See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section was corrected by himself . The precision of his earlier work is evidenced by his Micrometric Measurements of the Elementary Parts of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man and Animals (Leipzig, 1834) . His zoological labours may be said to conclude with the See also:

• ATLAS

atlas lcones zootomicae (Leipzig, 1841) . In 1835 he communicated to the Munich academy of sciences his researches on the physiology of See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation and development, including the famous See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the germinal vesicle of the human ovum .

These were republished under the title Prodromus historiae generationis hominis atque animalium (Leipzig, 1836) . As in zoology, his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original researches in physiology were followed by a students' text-book, Lehrbuch der speciellen Physiologie (Leipzig, 1838), which soon reached a third edition, and was translated into See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and See also:

• ENGLISH

English . This was supplemented by an atlas, Icones physiologicae (Leipzig, 1839) . To the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period belongs a very interesting but now little known work on medicine proper, of a historical and synthetic See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope, Grundriss der Encyklopadie and M,thodologie der medicinischen Wissenschaften nach geschichtlicher Ansicht (Erlangen, 1838), which was translated into Danish . About the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he worked at a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of J . C . See also:

• PRICHARD, JAMES COWLES (1786-1848)

Prichard's Natural See also:

• HISTORY

History of Man, and edited various writings of S . T . Sommerring, with a See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of that anatomist (1844), which he himself fancied most of all his writings . In 1843, after his removal to Gottingen, he began his See also:

• GREAT

great Handworterbuch der Physiologie, mit Riicksicht au physiologische Pathologie, and brought out the fifth (supplementary See also:

• VOLUME

volume in 1852 ; the only contributions of his own in it were on the sympathetic See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve, nerve-ganglia and nerve-endings, and he modestly disclaimed all merit except as being the organizer . While See also:

• RESIDENT

resident in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy for his health from 1845 to 1847, he occupied himself with researches on the See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical See also:

• ORGAN

organ of the See also:

• TORPEDO

torpedo and on See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous organization generally; these he published in 1853–1854 (Neurologische Untersuchungen, Gottingen), and therewith his physiological period may be said to end . His next period was stormy and controversial .

He entered the lists boldly against the See also:

• MATERIALISM (from Lat. materia, matter)

materialism of " Stoff and Kraft," and avowed himself a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian believer, where-upon he lost the countenance of a number of his old See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and pupils, and was unfeelingly told that he was suffering from an See also:

• ATROPHY (Gr. It- priv., rpo4, nourishment)

atrophy of the See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain." His See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with the materialists began with his oration at the Gottingen See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of the Naturforscher-Versammlung in 1854, on "Menschenschopf ung and Seelensubstanz." This was followed by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of " Physiological Letters " in the Allgemeine Zeitung, by an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on " Glauben and Wissen," and by the most important piece of this series, " Der Kampf See also:

• URN (Lat. urna, either from root of urere, to burn, being made of burnt clay, or connected with urceus, Gr. I5pxa, jar)

urn die Seele by (Gottingen, 1857) . Having come to the See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of these philosophical problems See also:

• LATE

late in See also:

• LIFE

life, he was at some disadvantage; but he endeavoured to join as he best could in the current of See also:

• CON

con-temporary German thought . He had an exact knowledge of classical German writings, more especially of See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe's, and of the literature connected with him . In what may be called his See also:

• FOURTH

fourth and last period, Wagner became anthropologist and archaeologist, occupied himself with the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet of skulls in the Gottingen museum collected by Blumenbach and with the excavation of prehistoric remains, corresponded actively with the anthropological See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and See also:

• LONDON

London, and organized, in co-operation with the See also:

• VETERAN

veteran K . E. von See also:

• BAER, KARL ERNST VON (1792-1876)
• BAER, WILLIAM JACOB (186o– )

Baer, a successful See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of anthropologists at Gottingen in 1861 . His last writings were See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs on the convolutions ofthe human brain, on the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of brains, and on the brains of idiots (186o-1862) . See memoir by his eldest son in the Gottinger gelehrte Anzeigen, Nachrichten " for 1864 .