See also:

• WAITS (A.S. wacan, to " wake " or " watch,")

WAITS (A.S. wacan, to " See also:

• WAKE (A.S. wacan, to " wake " or " watch ")
• WAKE, THOMAS (1297-1349)
• WAKE, WILLIAM (1657-1737)

wake " or " See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch,")  , the See also:

• CAROL (O. Fr. carole)

carol-singers and itinerant musicians who See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade the streets at See also:

• NIGHT

night at See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . The earliest See also:

• WAITS (A.S. wacan, to " wake " or " watch,")

waits (those of the 14th and 15th centuries) were simply watchmen who sounded horns or even played a tune on a See also:

• FLUTE

flute or See also:

• FLAGEOLET

flageolet to See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours . This appears to have been known as " piping the See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch." The See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• BOOK

book of the royal See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household expenses of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward IV., under date 1478, provides for " a wayte, that nyghtely from Mychelmas to Shreve Thorsdaye See also:

• PIPE

pipe the watch within this courte fowere tymes; in the somere nightes three tymes and maketh bon gayte at every chambre doare and offyce, as well as for feare of pyckeres and pilfers." Elaborate orders as to his See also:

• HOUSING

housing occur . Thus he was to eat in the See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall with the minstrels and was to sup off See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• LOAF

loaf and half a See also:

• GALLON

gallon of See also:

• ALE

ale . During his actual attendance at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court he was to receive fourpence See also:

• HALFPENNY, WILLIAM

halfpenny a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day or less in the discretion of the steward of the household . He had a See also:

• LIVERY

livery given him and during illness an extra See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . Besides " piping the watch " and guarding the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace against thieves and See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, this wait had to attend at the See also:

• INSTALLATION

installation of knights of the See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath . See also:

• LONDON

London and all the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief boroughs had their See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation waits certainly from the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, for in the privy See also:

• PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse accounts of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII. occurs (1532) the entry " See also:

• ITEM (a Latin adverb meaning " also," " likewise ")

Item, the XI daye (of See also:

• OCTOBER

October) paied to the waytes of Canterbery in rewarde . . . vijs. vjd." In 1582 See also:

• DUDLEY
• DUDLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF
• DUDLEY, EDMUND (c. 1462—1510)
• DUDLEY, SIR ROBERT (1573—1649)
• DUDLEY, THOMAS (1576-1653)

Dudley, See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester, writes to the corporation of London asking that a servant of his should be admitted to the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city waits . These See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough waits appear, how-ever, to have been more nearly akin to the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval troubadours or minstrels who played to See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings and nobles at and after the evening See also:

• MEAL

meal . The duties of the London waits, which included playing before the See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor during his See also:

• ANNUAL

annual progress through the streets and at city dinners, seem to have been typical of all 16th- and 17th-century city waits . The London waits had a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform of See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue gowns with red sleeves and caps, and wore a See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• COLLAR

collar or See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck .

In the 18th and early 19th century the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street watchmen appear to have arrogated to themselves the right to See also:

• SERENADE (from Ital. serenata, Lat. serenus, bright; the Italian term being applied, partly by confusion with serus, late, and partly through the use of Serena—cf. Gr. ve?i7vri—as an epithet for the moon, to a form of courting music played at night in the

serenade householders at Christmas time, calling round on See also:

• BOXING (M.E. box, a blow, probably from Dan. bask, a buffet)

Boxing Day to receive a gratuity for their tunefulness as well as their watchfulness . When in 1829 their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place as guardians of the city's safety was taken by See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police, it was See also:

• LEFT

left for private individuals to keep up the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom .