See also:

• WAKE (A.S. wacan, to " wake " or " watch ")
• WAKE, THOMAS (1297-1349)
• WAKE, WILLIAM (1657-1737)

WAKE (A.S. wacan, to " wake " or " See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch ")  , a See also:

• TERM

term now restricted to the Irish See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of an all-See also:

• NIGHT

night " waking " or watching See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round a See also:

• CORPSE (Lat. corpus, the body)

corpse before See also:

• BURIAL

burial, but anciently used in the wider sense of a See also:

• VIGIL (Lat. vigilia, "watch ")

vigil kept as an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church celebration in See also:

• COMMEMORATION

commemoration of the completion or See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication of the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish church . This strictly religious See also:

• WAKE (A.S. wacan, to " wake " or " watch ")
• WAKE, THOMAS (1297-1349)
• WAKE, WILLIAM (1657-1737)

wake consisted in an all-night service of See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer and meditation in the church . These services, popularly known as " wakes," were officially termed Vigiliae by the church, and appear to have existed from the earliest days of Anglo-Saxon See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . Tents and booths were set up in the See also:

• CHURCHYARD
• CHURCHYARD, THOMAS (c. 152o-16o4)

churchyard before the See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn which heralded in a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day devoted to feasting, dancing and See also:

• SPORTS
• SPORTS, THE BOOK OF

sports, each parish keeping the morrow of its vigil as a See also:

• HOLIDAY

holiday . Wakes soon degenerated into fairs; See also:

• PEOPLE

people from neighbouring parishes journeyed over to join in the merry-making, and as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as See also:

• EDGAR (EADGAR)
• EDGAR, or EADGAR (c. 1050-c. 1130)

Edgar's reign (958–975) the revelry and See also:

• DRUNKENNESS

drunkenness had become a See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal . The vigiliae usually See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell on Sundays or See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints' days, those being the days oftenest chosen for church dedications, and thus the abuse was the more scandalous . In 1445 See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VI. attempted to suppress markets and fairs on Sundays and See also:

• HOLY

holy days . In 1536 an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of See also:

• CONVOCATION
• CONVOCATION (Lat. convocatio, a calling together)

Convocation ordered that the yearly " wake " should be held in every parish on the same day, viz. the first See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday in See also:

• OCTOBER

October, but this regulation was disregarded . Wakes are specially mentioned in the See also:

• BOOK

Book of Sports of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. and See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles I. among the feasts which should be observed . See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

Side by side with these church wakes there existed from the earliest times the custom of " waking " a corpse . The custom, as far as See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England was concerned, seems to have been older than Christianity, and to have been at first essentially See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic . Doubt-less it had a superstitious origin, the fear of evil See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits hurting or even removing the See also:

• BODY

body, aided perhaps by the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• DESIRE

desire to keep away rats and other See also:

• VERMIN (Fr. vermine, formed as if from Lat. verminus, vcrmis, a worm)

vermin .

The Anglo-See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons called the custom lich-wake or like-wake (A.S. lic, a corpse) . With the introduction of Christianity the offering of prayer was added to the See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere vigil, which until then had been characterized by formal See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning chants and recitals of the See also:

• LIFE

life See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the dead . As a See also:

• RULE

rule the corpse, with a See also:

• PLATE

plate of See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt on its See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast, was placed under the table, on which was liquor for the watchers . These private wakes soon tended to become drinking orgies, and during the reign of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III. the provincial See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod held in See also:

• LONDON

London proclaimed by its loth See also:

• CANON

canon the See also:

• OBJECT

object of wakes to be the offering of prayer for the dead, and ordered that in future none but near relatives and See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends of the deceased should attend . The See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty for disobedience was See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication . With the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation and the consequent disuse of prayers for the dead the custom of " waking " in England became obsolete and died out . Many countries and peoples have been found to have acustom See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to " waking," which, however, must be distinguished from the funeral feasts pure and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple . For detailed accounts of Irish wakes see See also:

• BRAND, JOHN (1744-1806)
• BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY (1823-1888)

Brand's Antiquities of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain (W . C . See also:

• HAZLITT, WILLIAM (1778-1830)

Hazlitt's edition, 1905) under " Irish Wakes." See also:

• WAKEFIELD
• WAKEFIELD, GILBERT (1756-1801)

WAKEFIELD, EDWARD See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

GIBBON (1796–1862), See also:

• BRITISH

British colonial statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in London on the loth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1796, of an originally Quaker See also:

• FAMILY

family . His See also:

• FATHER

father, Edward Wake-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field (1774–18J4), author of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, Statistical and See also:

• POLITICAL

Political (1812), was a surveyor and See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent in extensive practice; his grandmother, Priscilla Wakefield (1751–1832), was a popular author for the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, and one of the introducers of savings See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks . Wakefield was for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster School, and was brought up to his father's profession, which he relinquished on occasion of his elopement at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty with See also:

• MISS

Miss Pattle, the See also:

• ORPHAN

orphan daughter of an See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CIVIL

civil servant .

The young See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady's relatives ultimately became reconciled to the match, and See also:

• PRO

pro-cured him an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as attache to the British See also:

• LEGATION (Lat. legalio, a sending or mission)

legation at See also:

• TURIN

Turin . He resigned this See also:

• POST

post in 182o, upon the See also:

• DEATH

death of his wife, to whom he was fondly attached, and, though making some efforts to connect himself with journalism, spent the years immediately succeeding in idleness, residing for the most See also:

• PART

part in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . In 1826 he appeared before the public as the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of a most extraordinary See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure, the See also:

• ABDUCTION (Lat. abductio, abducere, to lead away)

abduction of Miss Ellen See also:

• TURNER, CHARLES (1773–1857)
• TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM (1775–1851)
• TURNER, NAT (1800-1831)
• TURNER, SHARON (1768-1847)
• TURNER, SIR JAMES (1615–1686)
• TURNER, WILLIAM (d. 1568)

Turner, daughter of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Turner, of Shrigley See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park, See also:

• CHESHIRE

Cheshire . Miss Turner was decoyed from school by means of a forged See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter, and made to believe that she could only See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save her father from ruin by marrying Wakefield, whom she accordingly accompanied to Gretna See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green . This time the family refused to condone his proceedings; he was tried with his confederates at See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster assizes, March 1827, convicted, and sentenced to three years' imprisonment in i`lewgate . The See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, which had not been consummated, was dissolved by a See also:

• SPECIAL

special act of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . A disgrace which would have blasted the career of most men made Wakefield a practical statesman and a. benefactor to his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Meditating, it is probable, See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration upon his See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release, he turned his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention while in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison to colonial subjects, and acutely detected the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main causes of the slow progress of the Australian colonies in the enormous See also:

• SIZE

size of the landed estates, the reckless manner in which land was given away, the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of all systematic effort at colonization, and the consequent discouragement of See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration and dearth of labour . He proposed to remedy this See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of things by the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of land in small quantities at a sufficient See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price, and the employment of the proceeds as a fund for promoting immigration . These views were expressed with extraordinary vigour and incisiveness in his Letter from See also:

• SYDNEY

Sydney (1829), published while he was still in prison, but composed with such graphic See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power that it has been continually quoted as if written on the spot . After his release Wakefield seemed disposed for a while to turn his attention to social questions at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and produced a See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract on the See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

Punishment of Death, with a terribly graphic picture of the condemned See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon in Newgate, and another on See also:

• INCENDIARISM (Lat. incendere, to set on fire, burn)

incendiarism in the rural districts, with an equally powerful See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of the degraded See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the agricultural labourer . He soon, however, became entirely engrossed with colonial affairs, and, having impressed See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill, See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• TORRENS, ROBERT (1780-1864)
• TORRENS, SIR ROBERT RICHARD (1814-1884)
• TORRENS, WILLIAM TORRENS

Torrens and other leading economists with the value of his ideas, became a leading though not a conspicuous manager of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Australian See also:

• COMPANY

Company, by which the See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of South See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia was ultimately founded .

In 1833 he published anonymously England and See also:

• AMERICA

America, a See also:

• WORK

work primarily intended to develop his own colonial theory, which is done in the appendix entitled " The See also:

• ART

Art of Colonization." The body of the work, however, is fruitful in seminal ideas, though some statements may be rash and some conclusions extravagant . It contains the distinct proposal that the transport of letters should be wholly gratuitous—the precursor of subsequent reform—and the prophecy that, under given circumstances, " the Americans would raise cheaper See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn than has ever been raised." In 1836 Wakefield published the first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of an edition of See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, which he did not See also:

• COMPLETE

complete . In 1837 the New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand Association was established, and he became its managing director . Scarcely, however, was this great undertaking fairly commenced when he accepted the post of private secretary to See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham on the latter's appointment as special See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner to See also:

• CANADA

Canada . The Durham See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report, the See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of constitutional See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in the colonies, though See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up by Charles See also:

• BULLER, CHARLES (1806–1848)
• BULLER, SIR REDVERS HENRY (1839-1908)

Buller, embodied the ideas of Wakefield, and the latter was the means of its being given prematurely to the public through The Times, to prevent its being tampered with by the government . He acted in the same spirit a few months later, when (about See also:

• JULY

July 1839), understanding that the authorities intended to prevent the despatch of emigrants to New Zealand, he hurried them off on his own responsibility, thus compelling the government to annex the country just in time to anticipate a similar step on the part of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . For several years Wakefield continued to See also:

• DIRECT

direct the New Zealand Company, fighting its battles with the colonial See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office and the missionary See also:

• INTEREST

interest, and secretly inspiring and guiding many See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary committees on colonial subjects, especially on the abolition of transportation . The company was by no means a See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial success, and many of its proceedings were wholly unscrupulous and indefensible; its great object, however, was attained, and New Zealand became the Britain of the south . In 1846 Wakefield, exhausted with labour, was struck down by See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy, and spent more than a See also:

• YEAR

year in complete retirement, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing during his See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual recovery his Art of Colonization . The management of the company had meanwhile passed into the hands of others, whose See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole object was to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle accounts with the government, and See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind up the undertaking . Wakefield seceded, and joined Lord See also:

• LYTTELTON
• LYTTELTON, GEORGE LYTTELTON, 1ST BARON (17o9-1773)

Lyttelton and John See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Godley in establishing the See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement as a Church of England colony . A portion of his See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence on this subject was published by his son as The Founders of Canterbury (See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ-church, 1868) .

As usual with him, however, he failed to retain the confidence of his coadjutors to the end . In 18J3, after the See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of a constitution to New Zealand, he took up his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in the colony, and immediately began to act a leading part in colonial politics . In 1854 he appeared in the first New Zealand parliament as extra-See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official adviser of the acting See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, a position which excited great See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy, and as the mover of a See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution demanding the appointment of a responsible See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry . It was carried unanimously, but difficulties, which will be found detailed in W . Swainson's New Zealand and its Colonization (ch . 12), prevented its being made effective until after the mover's retirement from political life . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1854, after a fatiguing address to a public See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting, followed by prolonged exposure to a south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• GALE
• GALE, THEOPHILUS (1628-1678)
• GALE, THOMAS (?1636-17o2)

gale, his constitution entirely See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke down . He spent the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his life in retirement, dying at See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington on the 16th of May 1862 . His only son, Edward Jerningham Wakefield (1820-1879), was a New Zealand politician . Three of Wakefield's See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers were also interested in New Zealand . After serving in the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army William See also:

• HAYWARD, ABRAHAM (1801-1884)
• HAYWARD, SIR JOHN (c. 1560-1627)

Hayward Wakefield (1803–1848) emigrated to New Zealand in 1839 . As an agent of the New Zealand Land Company he was engaged in purchasing enormous tracts of land from the natives, but the company's See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to the greater part of this was later declared invalid .

He remained in New Zealand until his death on the 19th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1848 . See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur Wakefield (1799–1843), who was associated with his See also:

• BROTHER

brother in these transactions about land, was killed during a fight with some natives at Wairau on the 17th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1843 . The third brother was See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix Wakefield (1807–1875), an engineer . Wakefield was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of large views and lofty aims, and in private life displayed the warmth of See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart which commonly accompanies these qualities . His main defect was unscrupulousness: he hesitated at nothing necessary to accomplish an object, and the conviction of his untrustworthiness gradually alienated his associates, and See also:

• LEFT

left him politically powerless . Excluded from oarliament by the fatal See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error of his youth, he was compelled to resort to indirect means of working out his plans by influencing public men . But for a tendency to See also:

• PARADOX (Gr. treat, beyond, contrary to, Sofia, opinion)

paradox, his intellectual See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers were of the highest See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, and as a See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous idiomatic See also:

• ENGLISH

English he is second to See also:

• COBBETT, WILLIAM (1766-1835)

Cobbett alone . After every See also:

• DEDUCTION (from Lat. deducere, to take or lead from or out of, derive)

deduction it remains true that no contemporary showed equal See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius as a colonial statesman, or in this See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department rendered equal service to his country . For an impartial examination of the Wakefield See also:

• SYSTEM

system, see Leroy-See also:

• BEAULIEU

Beaulieu, De la colonisation chez See also:

• LES

les peuples modernes (3rd ed. pp . 5682-5875 and 696-700) . See also R .