WALAFRID 1 See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

STRABO (or Strabus, i.e. " See also:

• SQUINT (possibly connected with Swed. svinka, to flinch; 0. Eng. swiccan, avoid)

squint-eyed ") (d. 849)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk and theological writer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born about 8o8 in See also:

• SWABIA, SUABIA

Swabia . He was educated at the monastery of See also:

• REICHENAU

Reichenau, near See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance, where he had for his teachers Tatto and See also:

• WETTIN

Wettin, to whose visions he devotes one of his poems . Then he went on to See also:

• FULDA

Fulda, where he studied for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time under Hrabanus Maurus before returning to Reichenau, of which monastery he was made See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot in 838 . There is a See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story—based, however, on no See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence—that Walafrid devoted himself so closely to letters as to neglect the duties of his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, owing to which he was expelled from his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house; but, from his own verses, it seems that the real cause of his See also:

• FLIGHT

flight to See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

Spires was that, notwithstanding the fact that he had been See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles the Bald, he espoused the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• LOTHAIR (825-869)
• LOTHAIR (941–986)

Lothair on the See also:

• DEATH

death cf See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis the Pious in 84o . He was, however, restored to his monastery in 842, and died on the 18th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 849, on an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to his former See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil . His See also:

• EPITAPH (Gr. it oa¢cos, sc. X/yos, from bri, upon, and ra¢os, a tomb)

epitaph was written by Hrabanus Maurus, whose elegiacs praise him for being the faithful See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian of his monastery . Walafrid See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo's See also:

• WORKS

works are theological, See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical and poetical . Of his theological works the most famous is the See also:

• GREAT

great exegetical compilation which, under the name of Glosa ordinaria or the Glosa, ,emained for some 500 years the most widespread and important See also:

• QUARRY

quarry of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval biblical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, and even survived the Re-formation, passing into numerous See also:

• EDITIONS

editions as See also:

• LATE

late as the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century (see Hist. litteraire de la See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, t. v. p . 59 ff.) . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest known copy, in four See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio volumes, of which the date and origin are unknown, but which is certainly almost entirely Walafrid's See also:

• WORK

work, gives us his method . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the pages is the Latin See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible; in the margins are the " glosses," consisting of a very full collection of patristic excerpts in See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration and explanation of the text . There is also an exposition of the first twenty See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

psalms (published by Pez in Anecdota nova, iv.) and an See also:

• EPITOME
• EPITOME (Gr. lircroui, from isrLTEµveW, to cut short)

epitome of Hrabanus Maurus's commenta:y on See also:

• LEVITICUS

Leviticus .

An Expositio quatuor Evangeliorum is also ascribed to Walaf rid . Of singular See also:

• INTEREST

interest also is his De exordiis et incrementis rerum ecdesiasticarum, written between 84o and 842 and dedicated to Regenbert the librarian . It deals in 32 chapters with ecclesiastical usages, churches, altars, prayers, bells, pictures, See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism and the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Communion . Incidentally he introduces into his explanations the current German expressions for the things he is treating of, with the See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

apology that See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon had i In the oldest See also:

• MSS

MSS. this is always spelt " Walahfrid."set him the example by keeping monkeys as well as peacocks at his See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . Of See also:

• SPECIAL

special interest is the fact that Walafrid, in his exposition of the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass, shows no trace of any belief in the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

• TRANSUBSTANTIATION

transubstantiation as taught by his famous contemporary Radbertus (q.v.); according to him, See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ gave to his disciples the sacraments of his See also:

• BODY

Body and See also:

• BLOOD

Blood in the substance of See also:

• BREAD

bread and See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, and taught them to celebrate them as a memorial of his See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

Passion . Walafrid's See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief historical works are the rhymed Vita sancti Gatti, which, though written nearly two centuries after this See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint's death, is still the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary authority for his See also:

• LIFE

life, and a much shorter life of St Othmar, abbot of St See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall (d . 759).2 A See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical edition of them by E . See also:

• DUMMLER, ERNST LUDWIG (1830-19o2)

Dummler is in the Monumenta Germaniae hist . Poetae See also:

• LATINI, BRUNETTO (c. 1210-C. 1294)

Latini, ii . (1884), p . 259 if . Walafrid's poetical works also include a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short life of St Blaithmaic, a high-born monk of See also:

• IONA

Iona, murdered by the Danes in the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 9th century; a life of St Mammas; and a Libor de visionibus Wettini .

This last poem, like the two preceding ones written in hexameters, was composed at the command of " See also:

• FATHER

Father " Adalgisus, and based upon the See also:

• PROSE

prose narrative of Heto, abbot of Reichenau from 806 to 822 . It is dedicated to Wettin's brother See also:

• GRIMALD (or GRIMOALD), NICHOLAS (1519–1562)

Grimald . At the time he sent it to Grimald Walafrid had, as he himself tells us, hardly passed his eighteenth See also:

• YEAR

year, and he begs his correspondent to revise his verses, because, as it is not lawful for a monk to hide anything from his abbot," he fears he may be beaten with deserved stripes . In this curious See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision Wettin saw Charles the Great suffering purgatorial tortures because of his incontinence . The name of the ruler alluded to is not indeed introduced into the actual text, but " Carolus Imperator " See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the initial letters of the passage dealing with this subject . Many of Walafrid's other poems are, or include, short addresses to See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings and queens (Lothair, Charles, Louis, See also:

• PIPPIN, or PEPIN

Pippin, See also:

• JUDITH, THE BOOK OF

Judith, &c.) and to See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends (See also:

• EINHARD (c. 770–840)

Einhard, Grimald, Hrabanus Maurus, Tatto, Ebbo, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims, Drogo, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• METZ

Metz, &c.) . His most famous poem is the Hortulus, dedicated to Grimald . It is an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of a little See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden that he used to tend with his own hands, and is largely made up of descriptions of the various herbs he grows there and their medicinal and other uses . See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

Sage holds the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour; then comes See also:

• RUE (Fr. rue, Lat. ruta, from Gr. pur)

rue, the antidote of poisons; and so on through melons, See also:

• FENNEL

fennel, lilies, poppies, and many other See also:

• PLANTS

plants, to See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind up with the See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose, " which in virtue and See also:

• SCENT

scent surpasses all other herbs, and may rightly be called the See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower of See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers." The curious poem De Imagine Tetrici takes the form of a See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue; it was inspired by an equestrian statue of See also:

• THEODORIC

Theodoric the Great which stood in front of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace at See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle . For a bibliography of Walafrid's historical works, and of writings dealing with them, see See also:

• POTTHAST, AUGUST (1824—1898)

Potthast, Bibliotheca hist. med. aevi (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1894), p . 1102 if . Walafrid's works are published in See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne's Patrologia See also:

• LATINA, VIA

Latina, vols. cxiii. and cxiv .

For further references see the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article by Eduard See also:

• REUSS
• REUSS, EDOUARD GUILLAUME EUGENE (1804–18gr)

Reuss and A . Hauck in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1908), xx . 790 .