See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, See also:

• CAMBRIA

Cambria)  , a Principality occupying the extreme See also:

• MIDDLE

middle-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, bounded E. by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English counties of See also:

• CHESHIRE

Cheshire, See also:

• SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire, See also:

• HEREFORDSHIRE

Herefordshire and See also:

• MONMOUTHSHIRE

Monmouthshire; S. by the See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol Channel; W. by St See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George's Channel; and N. by the Irish See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . (For See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map see See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

ENGLAND, V.) Its See also:

• AREA

area is 7467 sq. m . Its greatest length from N. to S . (from the Point of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

Air in See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

Flint to See also:

• BARRY
• BARRY, ELIZABETH (1658—1713)
• BARRY, JAMES (1741—1806)
• BARRY, SIR CHARLES (1795-1860)
• BARRY, SIR REDMOND (1813-188o)
• BARRY, SPRANGER (1719-1777)

Barry Island on the Glamorgan See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast) is 136 m., while its breadth varies from 92 M . (from St Davids See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head to the English border beyond See also:

• CRICKHOWELL

Crickhowell) to 37 M . (the distance between See also:

• ABERYSTWYTH

Aberystwyth and the Shropshire boundary at Clun See also:

• FOREST

Forest) . Its See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit is about 540 m., of which 390 consist of coast-See also:

• LINE

line . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal headlands are Great Ormes Head' in See also:

• CARNARVONSHIRE (Welsh Caer'narfon, for Caer yn Arfon)

Carnarvonshire; Braich-y-Pwll, the most See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly point of Carnarvonshire; St Davids Head, the most westerly point of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales; See also:

• WORMS

Worms Head, the western extremity of See also:

• GOWER
• GOWER, JOHN (d. 1408)

Gower; and Lavernock Point to the W. of See also:

• CARDIFF

Cardiff . The principal islands are See also:

• HOLY

Holy Island, off the W. coast of Anglesea; See also:

• BARDSEY (i.e. " Bards' Island ": cf. Anglesey, " Angles' Island "; Welsh, Ynys Enlli, " isle of the current ")

Bardsey (Ynys Enlli), near Braich-y-Pwll; and the islands of See also:

• RAMSEY
• RAMSEY, SIR ANDREW CROMBIE (1814—1891)

Ramsey, Grass-holm, Skomer, Skokholm and Caldy (Ynys Pyr) off the See also:

• PEMBROKE
• PEMBROKE (Penfro)
• PEMBROKE, EARLS OF

Pembroke-See also:

• SHIRE

shire coast . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief inlets are the mouth of the See also:

• DEE
• DEE (Welsh, Dyfrdwy;, Lat.., and in Milton, Deva)

Dee, dividing Flint from Cheshire; the Menai Straits, separating Anglesea from the mainland; See also:

• CARNARVON
• CARNARVON, EARLDOM OF

Carnarvon See also:

• BAY

Bay; See also:

• CARDIGAN (Aberteifi)
• CARDIGAN, JAMES THOMAS BRUDENELL, 7TH EARL OR (1797-1868)

Cardigan Bay, stretching from Braich-y-Pwll to St Davids Head; St Brides Bay; See also:

• MILFORD

Milford Haven; See also:

• CARMARTHEN (Caerfyrddin)

Carmarthen Bay; and See also:

• SWANSEA

Swansea Bay . In See also:

• COMMON

common parlance, as well as for judicial purposes of circuits, the Principality is divided into See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Wales and South Wales, each of which consists of six counties . North Wales .

Acreage . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population (1901) . Anglesea (Ynys F8n) . 176,630 50,606 Carnarvon (See also:

• SIR

Sir Arfon) . 361,156 126,883 See also:

• DENBIGH (Dinbych)
• DENBIGH, WILLIAM FEILDING, 1ST EARL

Denbigh (Sir Dinbych) . 423,499 129,942 Flint (Sir Fflint) . 164,744 81,700 See also:

• MERIONETH (Welsh, Meirionydd)

Merioneth (Sir Feirionydd) . 427,810 49,149 See also:

• MONTGOMERY
• MONTGOMERY ( Tre' Faldwyn)
• MONTGOMERY, GABRIEL, SEIGNEUR DE LORGES, COMTE DE (c. 1530-1574)
• MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1854)
• MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855)

Montgomery (Sir Drefaldwyn) 510,111 54,901 South Wales . Acreage . Population (1901) . See also:

• BRECON, or BRECKNOCK

Brecon or Brecknock (Sir See also:

• FRY
• FRY, ELIZABETH (178o-1845)
• FRY, SIR EDWARD (1827– )

Fry- cheiniog) . 475,224 59,907 Cardigan (Sir Aberteifi) 440,630 60,240 Carmarthen (Sir Gaerfyrddin) 587,816 135,328 Glamorgan (Sir Forganwg) .

. 518,863 859,931 Pembroke (Sir Benfro) . 395,151 88,732 See also:

• RADNOR, EARLS OF

Radnor (Sir Faesyfed) . 301, T64 23,281 Mountains.—Almost the whole See also:

• SURFACE

surface of Wales is mountainous or undulating . The most important See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill See also:

• SYSTEM

system is that of the North Wales mountains, covering the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Carnarvon and parts of Merioneth and Denbigh, wherein the Snowdonian range reaches the height of 3571 ft. in See also:

• SNOWDON (Wyddfa, view-place, Eryri, eagle-place)

Snowdon itself ; of 3484 ft. in Carnedd Llywelyn; and of 3426 ft. in Carnedd Dafydd . South of this system, and separated from it by the upper valley of the Dee, the Berwyn range extends from N.E. to S.E., and is itself adjacent to See also:

• ARAN

Aran-fawddy (2970 ft.), the highest point in the Cader Idris See also:

• GROUP

group . The system of See also:

• MID

Mid-Wales or Powys stretches from Cardigan Bay to the English border, and contains See also:

• PLINLIMMON (Plynlimmon, Pumplumon, Pumlumon, Penlumon: Pumlumon is the name used locally: pump means five: lumon, chimney, flag or beacon; pen, head)

Plinlimmon (2462 ft.) in north Cardigan; Drygarn Fawr (2115 ft.) in north Brecon; and Radnor Forest (2163 ft.) in mid-Radnor . From Plinlimmon a range of hills runs in a south-westerly direction towards St Davids, terminating in the Preseily range of north Pembroke (176o ft.) and dividing the broad valleys of the Teifi and Towy . The three combined ranges of the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Mountains, the Brecknock Beacons and the Black Forest sweep across south Brecon from W. to E., the chief elevations being the Carmarthen See also:

• VAN

Van (2632 ft.), the Brecon See also:

• BEACON (from the O. Eng. beacn, a sign, cf. " beckon," another form of the same word)

Beacon (2862 ft.) and See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

Pen-y-gader fawr (266o ft.) near the English border . Lakes and See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

Rivers.—Small lakes, such as Llyn Ogwen, Llyn Safaddan (Llangorse See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake), Talyllyn, the Teifi Pools, &c., are fairly numerous in the mountainous districts, but the only natural lake of importance is See also:

• BALA

Bala Lake, or Llyn Tegid, in Merionethshire, 4 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and about 1 m. wide . But the great See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir known as Lake See also:

• VYRNWY (Fyrnwy)

Vyrnwy, which supplies See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool with See also:

• WATER

water, is equal in See also:

• SIZE

size to Bala; and the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of four artificial lakes constructed by the See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation in the valleys of the Elan and Claerwen covers a large area in west See also:

• RADNORSHIRE (Sir Faesyfed)

Radnorshire . The longest See also:

• RIVER

river in Wales is the See also:

• SEVERN
• SEVERN, JOSEPH (1793-1879)

Severn (18o m.), in Welsh Hafren, which rises in Plinlimmon, and takes a north-easterly direction through See also:

• MONTGOMERYSHIRE (Welsh Swydd Tre' Faldwyn, Baldwyn's town shire)

Montgomeryshire before reaching the English border . The Wye (130 m.) also rises in Plinlimmon, and forms for some 30 M. the boundary between the counties of Radnor and Brecon before encountering English See also:

• SOIL

soil near See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

Hay .

The See also:

• USK
• USK, THOMAS (d. 1388)

Usk (56 m.) flows through See also:

• BRECONSHIRE, or BRECKNOCKSHIRE

Breconshire, and joins the Bristol Channel at See also:

• NEWPORT

Newport in Monmouthshire . The Dee (70 m.) traverses Bala Lake, and drains parts of the counties of Merioneth, Denbigh and Flint . The Towy (68 m.) flows through See also:

• CARMARTHENSHIRE

Carmarthenshire, entering Carmarthen Bay at Llanstephan; the Teifi (5o m.) rises near Tregaron and falls into Cardigan Bay below the See also:

• TOWN

town of Cardigan . The Taff (40 m.), rising amongst the Brecon Beacons, enters the Bristol Channel at Cardiff . Other rivers are the Dovey (30 m.), falling into Cardigan Bay at See also:

• ABERDOVEY (Aberdyfi: the Dyfi is the county frontier)

Aberdovey; the Taf (25 m.), entering Carmarthen Bay at Laugharne; and the broad navigable See also:

• CONWAY (Conwy, or Aberconwy)
• CONWAY, HENRY SEYMOUR (1721-1795)
• CONWAY, HUGH
• CONWAY, MONCURE DANIEL (1832–1907)
• CONWAY, SIR WILLIAM MARTIN (1856– )

Conway (24 m.), dividing the counties of Carnarvon and Denbigh . Welsh See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

Place-Names.—The place-names throughout the Principality may be said to group themselves roughly into fourdivisions: (i.) Pure and unaltered See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic names; (ii.) Corrupted or abbreviated Celtic names; (iii.) English names; (iv.) Scandinavian and See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign names . To the first See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division belong the vast See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of place-names throughout the whole of Wales and Monmouthshire . Except in some districts of the See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

Marches and in certain tracts lying along the South Wales coast, nearly all parishes, villages, hamlets, farms, houses, See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods, See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields, streams and valleys possess native appellations, which in most cases are descriptive of natural situation, e.g . Nantyffin, the boundary See also:

• BROOK

brook; Aberporth, mouth of the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour; Talybont, end of the See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge; Troedyrhiw, See also:

• FOOT

foot of the hill; Dyffryn, a valley, &c . Other place-names imply a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal connexion in addition to natural features, e.g . Nantygof, the blacksmith's brook; Trefecca, the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Rebecca; Llwyn Madoc, Madoc's See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

grove; Pantsaeson, the See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons' glen, &c . An See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical origin is frequently commemorated, notably in the many See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the Celtic missionaries of the 5th, 6th and 7th centuries, wherein the word Ilan (See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church) precedes a proper name; thus every Llanddewi recalls the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early labours of Dewi Sant (St See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David); every Llandeilo, those of St Teilo; and such names as See also:

• LLANDUDNO

Llandudno, Llanafan, Llanbadarn and the like commemorate SS .

Tudno, Afan, Padarn, &c . To the second division—those place-names which have been corrupted by English usage—belong most of the older historic towns, in striking contrast with the rural villages and parishes, which in nearly all cases have retained unaltered their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Celtic names . Anglicized in spelling and even to some extent changed in See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound are Carmarthen (Caerfyrddin); Pembroke (Penfro); See also:

• KIDWELLY (Cydweli)

Kidwelly (Cydweli); Cardiff (Caerdydd); See also:

• LLANDOVERY (Llan-ym-ddyffri)

Llandovery (Llanymddyfri); while See also:

• LAMPETER (Llanbedr-pont-Stephan)

Lampeter, in Welsh Llanbedrpont-See also:

• STEPHAN, HEINRICH VON (1831-1897)

Stephan, affords an example of a Celtic place-name both Anglicized and abbreviated . In not a few instances See also:

• MODERN

modern English nomenclature has supplanted the old Welsh place-names in popular usage, although the town's original appellation is retained in Welsh literature and conversation, e.g . See also:

• HOLYHEAD (Caergybi, the fort of Cybi, the saint mentioned by Matthew Arnold as meeting St Seiriol of Penm6n, Anglesey)

Holyhead is Caergybi (fort of Cybi, a Celtic missionary of the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century); See also:

• PRESTEIGN

Presteign is Llanandras (church of St See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew, or Andras); St See also:

• ASAPH

Asaph is Llanelwy; the English name commemorating the reputed founder of the see, and the Welsh name recalling the church's original See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Elwy . Cardigan, in Welsh' Aberteifi, from its situation near the mouth of the Teifi, and Brecon, in Welsh Aberhonddu, from its site near the confluence of the Usk and Honddu, are examples of corrupted Welsh names in common use—Ceredigion, Brychan—which possess in addition pure Celtic forms . In the third division, English place-names are tolerably frequent everywhere and pre-dominate in the Marches and on the South Wales coast . Even in so thoroughly Welsh a county as See also:

• CARDIGANSHIRE (Ceredigion, Sir Aberteifi)

Cardiganshire, English place-names are often to be encountered, e.g . New See also:

• QUAY
• QUAY, MATTHEW STANLEY (1833-1904)

Quay, High See also:

• MEAD
• MEAD, LARKIN GOLDSMITH (1835— )
• MEAD, RICHARD (1673—1754)

Mead, Oakford, &c.; but many of such names are of modern invention, dating chiefly from the 18th and rgth centuries . Of the many English names occurring in south Pembroke and south Glamorgan, some are exact or fanciful See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of the original Welsh, e.g . See also:

• COWBRIDGE

Cowbridge (Pontyfon) and Ludchurch (Eglwys See also:

• LLWYD, EDWARD (166o-1709)

Llwyd), others are of See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• EXTERNAL

external origin, as Bishopstone, Flemingstone, See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

Butter Hill, Briton See also:

• FERRY (from the same root as that of the verb " to fare," to journey or travel, common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. fahren; it is connected with the root of Gr. 7ropos, way, and Lat. portage, to carry)
• FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893)

Ferry, Manselfield, &c . Names derived straight from an Anglo-See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman source are rare; Beaupre, See also:

• BEAUMARIS

Beaumaris, See also:

• BEAUFORT
• BEAUFORT, FRANCOIS DE VENDOME
• BEAUFORT, HENRY (c. 1377–1447)
• BEAUFORT, LOUIS DE (d. 1795)

Beaufort, Fleur-de-Lis, See also:

• ROCHE, SIR BOYLE, BART

Roche, may be cited as examples of such .

Scandinavian See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence can easily be traced at various points of the coast-line, but particularly in south See also:

• PEMBROKESHIRE (Sir Benfro, Dyfed)

Pembrokeshire, wherein occur such place-names as Caldy, See also:

• TENBY

Tenby, Goodwick, See also:

• DALE, ROBERT WILLIAM (1829-1895)
• DALE, SIR THOMAS (d. 1619)

Dale, Skokholm, Hakin and Milford Haven . Specimens of Latinized names in connexion with ecclesiastical foundations are preserved in Strata See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida and See also:

• VALLE, PIETRO DELLA (1586–1652)

Valle Crucis Abbeys . Hybrid place-names are occasionally to be met with in the colonized portions of Wales, as in Gelliswick (a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of the Celtic gelli, a See also:

• HAZEL (0. Eng. hresell; cf. Ger. Hasel, Swed. and Dan. Kassel, &c.,; Fr. noiselier, coudrier)

hazel grove, and the Norse See also:

• WICK

wick, a haven), and in Fletherhill, where the English suffix hill is practically a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the Celtic prefix . A striking peculiarity of the Principality is the prevalence of Scriptural place-names; a circumstance due undoubtedly to the popular religious movements of the 19th century . Not only are such names as See also:

• HOREB

Horeb, See also:

• ZION, or SION (Heb. iiag, perhaps from runs " to be dry," nqs " to set up," or is " to protect "; Arabic analogies favour the meaning " hump," " summit of a ridge," and so " citadel ")

Zion, Penuel, Siloh, &c., bestowed on See also:

• NONCONFORMIST

Nonconformist chapels, used of the See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest-house of an See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey—Yspytty Ystwyth, Tafarn Spite . Ystrad, a meadow or See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland—Ystrad Mynach, Llanfihangel Ystrad . Population.—The total population of the twelve counties of the Principality was: 1,360,513 (1881), 1,519,035 (1891), 1,720,600 (1901) . These figures prove a steady upward tendency, but the increase itself is confined entirely to the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial districts of the Principality, and in a See also:

• SPECIAL

special degree to Glamorgan-shire; while the agricultural counties, such as Pembroke, Merioneth, Cardigan or Montgomery, See also:

• PRESENT

present a continuous though slight decrease owing to See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration to the centres of See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . The whole population of Wales in Tudor, See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart and early Georgian times can scarcely have exceeded 500,000 souls, and was probably less . But with the systematic development of the vast See also:

• MINERAL

mineral resources of the South Wales coalfield, the population of See also:

• GLAMORGANSHIRE (Welsh Morganwg)

Glamorganshire has increased at a more rapid See also:

• RATE

rate than that of any other county of the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom, so that at present this county contains about See also:

• HALF

half the population of all Wales . It will be noted, therefore, that the vast See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the inhabitants of Wales are settled in the industrial area which covers the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern districts of Glamorganshire and the south-eastern corner of Carmarthenshire; whilst central Wales, comprising the four counties of Cardigan, Radnor, Merioneth and Montgomery, forms the least populous portion of the Principality . The following towns had each in 1901 a population exceeding 10,000: Cardiff, Ystradyfodwg, Swansea, Merthyr Tydfil, See also:

• ABERDARE
• ABERDARE, HENRY AUSTIN BRUCE

Aberdare, See also:

• PONTYPRIDD

Pontypridd, See also:

• LLANELLY

Llanelly, Ogmore and Garw, Pembroke, See also:

• CAERPHILLY

Caerphilly, Maesteg, See also:

• WREXHAM (Welsh•Gwrecsam, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Wrighlesham)

Wrexham, See also:

• PENARTH

Penarth, See also:

• NEATH (Welsh, Casten-Nedd)

Neath, See also:

• FESTINIOG (or FFESTINIOG)

Festiniog, See also:

• BANGOR
• BANGOR (formerly BANGOR FAWR, as distinguished from several other towns of this name in Wales, Ireland, Brittany, &c.)

Bangor, Holyhead, Carmarthen .

Only four towns in North Wales are included in these eighteen, and the combined populations of these four—Wrexham (14,966), Festiniog (11,435), Bangor (11,269) and Holyhead (10,079)—fall far below that of Merthyr Tydfil (69,228), the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth largest town in Glamorgan- but these Biblical terms have likewise been applied to their surrounding houses, and in not a few instances to growing towns and villages . A notable example of this curious nomenclature occurs in See also:

• BETHESDA
• BETHESDA (i.e. " House of Mercy," John v. 2)

Bethesda, Carnarvonshire, where the name of the Congregational See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel erected early in the 19th century has altogether supplanted the original Celtic place-name of Cilfoden . But although English and foreign place-names are fairly numerous throughout Wales, yet the vast majority remain Celtic either in a pure or in a corrupted See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, so that some knowledge of the Celtic See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is essential to interpret their meaning . A small glossary of some of the more common component words is appended below . Aber, the mouth or See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary of a river—Aberystwyth, Abergwili . Ach, water—Clydach, Clarach . Afon, a river—a word which retains its See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive meaning in Wales, whilst it has become a proper name in England—Glanafon; Manorafon . Bettws, a corrupt form of the English " See also:

• BEAD

bead-house," or possibly of the Latin " See also:

• BEATUS

beatus "—Bettws-y-coed, Bettws Ifan . Blaen, the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top—Blaendyffryn, Blaencwm . Bod, house or See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode—Bodfuan, Hafod . See also:

• BRAN

Bran, the human See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast, hence breast of hill—Brongest, Cilbronnau . Bryn, a hill—See also:

• BRYNMAWR

Brynmawr, Penbryn .

Bwlch, a See also:

• GAP

gap—Bwlchbychan, Tanybwlch . Cae, a See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field—Caeglas, Tynycae . Caer, a fortress or fortified See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp—Caerlleon, Caersws . See also:

• CAPEL (OF HADHAM), ARTHUR CAPEL, BARON (fl. 164o-1649)

Capel, a corrupt form of the Latin " See also:

• CAPELLA, MARTIANUS MINNEUS FELIX

capella " applied to chapels, See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and See also:

• RECENT

recent—Capel Dewi, Capel-issaf, Parc-y-capel . Carn, a See also:

• CAIRN (in Gaelic and Welsh, Carn)

cairn or heap of stones—Moel-trigarn . Carnedd, a See also:

• TUMULUS

tumulus—Carnedd Llywelyn . Cefn, a See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge—Cefn-Mably, Cefn-y-bedd . Cil, a See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat, said to be akin to the Goidelic kil—Ciliau-Aeron, Cilcennin . Cnwc, a knoll or See also:

• MOUND

mound—Cnwcglas (Anglicized into Knucklas, in Radnorshire) . Coed, a See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood—Coedmawr, Penycoed . See also:

• CRAIG, JOHN (1512 ?-1600)
• CRAIG, SIR THOMAS (c. 1538–1608)

Craig, a See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock or See also:

• CRAG (a Celtic word, cf. Gael. creag, Manx creg, and Welsh and modern Scots craig)

crag—Pen-y-graig . Crag, a heap or See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

barrow—Crag Mawr, Trichrflg .

Cwm, a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low valley, Anglicized Into " coomb "—Cwm Gwendraeth, Blaencwm . Din, a fortified hill, hence Dines, a fortified town—Dinefawr, Pen Dinas . Dal, a meadow—Dolwilym, Dolau . Dwr, Dwfr, water—Glyndwrdu, the patrimony of the celebrated See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen See also:

• GLENDOWER, OWEN (c. 1359–1415)

Glendower, of which his Anglicized name is a corruption . Eglwys, a corruption of the Latin See also:

• ECCLESIA (Gr. EKKX ria, from Lc, out, and Ka)teiv, to call)

ecclesia," a church—Eglwyswrw, Tanyreglwys . Gallt, in North Wales a steep slope; in South Wales a See also:

• HANGING

hanging wood--Galltyfyrddin, Penyrallt . Gelli, a grove—Gellideg, See also:

• PENGELLY, WILLIAM (1812-1894)

Pengelly Forest . Glen, a See also:

• BANK

bank—Glanym8r, Glandofan . Glyn, a glen or narrow valley—Glyncothi, Tyglyn . Llan, a sacred enclosure, hence a church—a most interesting and important Celtic prefix—Llandeilo, Llansaint . Llech, a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone—Llechryd, Trellech . Llwyn, a grove—Penllwyn, Llwynybran .

Llys, a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court or See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace—Henllys, Llysowen . See also:

• MAES, NICOLAS (1632-1693)

Maes, open See also:

• LAND

land, or battlefield—Maesyfed (the Welsh name for Radnorshire), Maesllwch . Moel, bald, hence a See also:

• BARE

bare hill-top—Moelfre . Mor, the sea—Brynm8r, Glanym8r . Mynydd, See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain—Llanfynydd, Mynydd Dfi . Nant, a See also:

• RAVINE

ravine, hence also a brook—Nantgwyllt, Nannau, Nantgaredig . Pant, a glen or hollow—Pantycelyn, Blaenpant . Parc, an enclosed field—Parc-y-Marw, Penparc . Pen, a See also:

• SUMMIT

summit—Penmaenmawr, Penmark . See also:

• PONT (or KYLPONT), ROBERT (1524–1606)

Pont, a bridge, a corruption of the Latin " pons"— Ponthirwen, Talybont . Porth, a See also:

• GATE

gate or harbour—perhaps a corrupt form of the Latin " porta "—Aberporth, See also:

• PUMP

Pump Porth (" the Five See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

Gates ") . Rhiw, ascent or slope—Troedyrhiw, Rhiwlas .

Rhos, a See also:

• MOOR

moor—Rhosllyn, See also:

• TYR

Tyr'hos . Rhyd, a See also:

• FORD, EDWARD ONSLOW
• FORD, JOHN (r586–c.1640)
• FORD, RICHARD (1796-1858)
• FORD, THOMAS (b. c. 158o)

ford—Rhydyfuwch, Glanrhyd . Sarn, a See also:

• CAUSEWAY

causeway, generally descriptive of the old See also:

• ROMAN

Roman paved roads—Talsarn, Sarnau, Sarn Badrig . Tal, an end, also head—Taliaris, Talyllyn . Tref, a See also:

• HOMESTEAD

homestead, hence cant ref, a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred—Hendref, Cantref-ygwaelod . Troed, a See also:

• BASE

base —Troed-y-bryn . Ty, a house, a cottage—Tynewydd, Mynachty . Wy, or gwy, an obsolete Celtic word for water, preserved in the names of many Welsh rivers—Elwy, Gwili, Wye or Gwy . Ynys, an island, or hill in the midst of a See also:

• BOG (from Ir. and Gael. bogach, bog, soft)

bog—Ynys Enlli (the Welsh name for Bardsey Islands), Ynyshir, Clynrynys . Yspytty, spite, a corrupt form of the Latin " See also:

• HOSPITIUM (Gr. evia, IrpoEevia)

hospitium," oftenshire . See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—The chief mineral product of the Principality is See also:

• COAL

coal, of which the output amounts to over 23,000,000 tons annually . The great South Wales coalfield, one of the largest in the kingdom, covers the greater part of Monmouthshire and Glamorganshire, the south-eastern corner of Carmarthenshire, and a small portion of south Pembrokeshire, and the quality of its coal is especially suitable for smelting purposes and for use in steamships .

The See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone and ironstone in Glamorganshire is said to be practically unlimited . About 400,000 tons of See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron are produced yearly, and some of the largest iron-See also:

• WORKS

works in the See also:

• WORLD

world are situated at Merthyr Tydfil and Dowlais . See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

Copper, See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin and See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead works are everywhere numerous in the busy valleys of north Glamorgan and in the neighbourhoods of Swansea, Neath, Cardiff and Llanelly . In North Wales, Wrexham, See also:

• RUABON (Rhiwabon)

Ruabon and Chirk are centres of coal-See also:

• MINING

mining industry . There are valuable copper mines in Anglesea, and lead mines in Flint and in north Cardiganshire, which also yield a certain See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of See also:

• SILVER

silver ore . See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold has been discovered and worked, though only to a small extent, in Merionethshire and Carmarthenshire . See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

Slate quarries are very numerous throughout the Principality, the finest quality of slate being obtained in the neighbourhood of Bangor and Carnarvon, where the See also:

• PENRHYN, GEORGE SHOLTO GORDON

Penrhyn and Bethesda quarries give employment to many thousands of workmen . By far the larger portion of Wales is purely agricultural in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and much of the valley land is particularly fertile, notably the Vale of Glamorgan, the Vale of Clwyd and the valleys of the Towy, the Teifi, the Usk and the Wye, which have long been celebrated for their rich pastures . The holdings throughout Wales are for the most part smaller in extent than the See also:

• AVERAGE

average farms of England . Stock-raising is generally preferred to the growing of cereals, and in western Wales the See also:

• OAT (O. Eng. ate; the word is not found in cognate languages; it may be allied with Fr. eitel, knot, nodule, cf. Gr. oiSos swelling)

oat crops exceed in size those of See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley . The extensive tracts of unenclosed and often unimprovable land, which still See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover a large area in the Principality, especially in the five counties of Cardigan, Radnor, Brecon, Montgomery and Merioneth, support numerous flocks of the small mountain See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, the flesh of which supplies the highly prized Welsh mutton . The See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool of the sheep is manufactured into See also:

• FLANNEL

flannel at numberless factories in the various See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country towns, and the supply meets an important local demand .

The upland tracts also afford See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good pasturage for a number of cobs and ponies, which obtain high prices at the local fairs, and Pembrokeshire and Cardiganshire have long been famous for their breed of horses and ponies . The See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle of Wales present all varieties of See also:

• RACE

race, the See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford breed prevailing in the eastern counties, and Shorthorns and the black Castlemartins in the south-western parts . The great herds of goats, which in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times subsisted on the Welsh hills, have entirely disappeared since the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the sheep-farming industry . The deep-sea See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries on the south-western coasts are of some importance; the Mumbles, Tenby .and Milford Haven being the chief centres of this industry . Lobsters and crabs are caught in Cardigan Bay, and oysters are found at various points of the Pembrokeshire coast . The large rivers produce See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon, which are usually sent to the great towns for See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale . The Wye, the Usk, the Dee, the Dovey, the Teifi, the Towy and most of the Welsh rivers and lakes are frequented by anglers for salmon and See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout . Communications.—The two principal See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways serving the Principality are the See also:

• LONDON

London & North-Western, which passes along the North Wales coast-line by way of Conway and Bangor, crosses the Menai Strait and has its See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus at Holyhead; and the Great Western, which traverses South Wales by way of Cardiff, Landore, Llanelly and Carmarthen, and has its principal terminal station at See also:

• FISHGUARD (Abergwaun)

Fishguard Harbour . The lines of the See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian railway serve North and Mid-Wales, and branches of the London & North-Western and the Midland penetrate into South Wales as far as Swansea . A See also:

• NET

net-See also:

• WORK

work of lines connects the great industrial districts of Glamorganshire with the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main line of the Great Western railway . There are See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam-See also:

• SHIP

ship services between Holyhead and See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin in connexion with the trains of the London & North-Western railway; and an important See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic for See also:

• DAIRY

dairy produce, live-stock and passengers between See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish-guard and Rosslare on the Irish coast was opened in 1906 in connexion with the Great Western railway . There is also a See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat service between Holyhead and See also:

• GREENORE

Greenore on the See also:

• ULSTER
• ULSTER, EARLS OF

Ulster coast .

Steamboats likewise ply between Milford, Tenby, Swansea and Cardiff and Bristol; also between Swansea and Cardiff and Dublin; and there is a See also:

• REGULAR

regular service between Swansea and See also:

• ILFRACOMBE

Ilfracombe . The principal canals are the Swansea, the Neath, the Aberdare & Glamorgan, and the Brecon & See also:

• ABERGAVENNY

Abergavenny, all worked in connexion with the industrial districts of north Glamorganshire . See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government.—In all acts of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament Wales is invariably included under the See also:

• TERM

term of " England and Wales," and whenever an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act, or any See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of an act, is intended to apply to the Principality alone, then Wales is always coupled with See also:

• MONMOUTH (Welsh Mynwy)
• MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF (1778)
• MONMOUTH, JAMES SCOTT
• MONMOUTH, ROBERT CAREY, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1560-1639)

Monmouth-shire . The extinction of the Welsh Court of Great Sessions in 1830 served to remove the last relic of See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction in Wales itself, but in 1881 special legislation was once more inaugurated by the Welsh See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday Closing Act (46 See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria), forbidding the sale of spirituous liquors by all See also:

• INN

inn-keepers on Sundays to any but See also:

• BONA (BONE)
• BONA, JOHN (1609-1674)

bona fide travellers throughout Wales and Monmouthshire . A separate act on behalf of Welsh See also:

• EDUCATION

education was likewise passed in 1889, when the Welsh Intermediate Education Act made special See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision for intermediate and technical education throughout the Principality and Monmouthshire . Except for the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of these two special acts, the system of government in Wales is identical in every respect with that of England (see ENGLAND and UNITED KINGDOM) . Royal commissions dealing with questions See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to Wales have been issued from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time, notably of recent years, in the Welsh Land See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

Tenure See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission of 1893, and the Welsh Church Commission of 1906 (see See also:

• HISTORY

History) . See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion.—Ecclesiastically, the whole of Wales lies within the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury . The four Welsh See also:

• SEES

sees, however, extend beyond the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the twelve counties, for they include the whole of Monmouthshire and some portions of the English border shires; on the other See also: