See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, See also:

• MID

Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from See also:

• LAT

Lat. vallum, rampart; the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)  , a solid structure of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick or other material, used as a defensive, protecting, enclosing or dividing fence, or as the enclosing and supporting sides of a See also:

• BUILDING

building, See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house or See also:

• ROOM

room . The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman vellum was an See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth rampart with stakes or palisades (vallus, stake; Gr. iXos, See also:

• NAIL (O. Eng. naegal, cf. Dutch, Ger., Swed. nagel; the word is also related to Lat. unguis, Gr. ovu, Sans. nakhas)

nail) and the Old See also:

• ENGLISH

English word was particularly applied to such earth walls; for the remains of the Roman walls in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain see BRITAIN . The word, however, was also applied to stone defensive walls, for which the Latin word was murus . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall as .a means of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence will be found in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article FORTIFICATION AND SIEGECRAFT, the architectural and constructional See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side under the headings See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

ARCHITECTURE, See also:

• MASONRY

MASONRY and See also:

• BRICKWORK

BRICKWORK . In See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy and See also:

• ZOOLOGY (from Gr. Nov, a living thing, and ?byos, theory)

zoology the See also:

• TERM

term " wall," and also the Latin term paries, is used for an investing or enclosing structure, as in " See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell-walls," walls of the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen, &c . In the days when footpaths were narrow and See also:

• ILL

ill-paved or non-existent in, the streets of towns and when the gutters were often overflowing with See also:

• WATER

water and filth, the side nearest to the wall of the bordering houses was safest and cleanest, and hence to walk on that side was a See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege, hence the expressions " to take " or " to give the wall." The term " wall-See also:

• RIB (from 0. Eng. ribb; the word appears' in many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Rippe, Swed. reb)

rib " is given in architecture to a See also:

• HALF

half-rib bedded in the wall, to carry the See also:

• WEB (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Du. webbe, Dan. vaev, Ger. Gewebe, all from the Teutonic wabh—to weave)

web or See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell of the vault . In Roman and in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Romanesque See also:

• WORK

work the web was laid on the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the stone courses of the wall, which had been cut to the arched See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, but as this was often irregularly done, and as sometimes the courses had sunk owing to the drying of the See also:

• MORTAR

mortar, it was found better to provide an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent rib to carry the web; half of this rib was sunk in the wall and the other half moulded like the transverse and See also:

• DIAGONAL (Gr. &a, through, ywvia, a corner)

diagonal ribs, so that if the wall sank, or if it had to be taken down from any cause, the vault would still retain its position . The word " wall See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye " or " wall-eyed " is applied to a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the eye, particularly of a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, in which there is a large amount of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white showing or there is See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour in the See also:

• IRIS

iris, or there is leucoma of the cornea . It is also applied to the white staring eyes of certain fishes . The word has no connexion with " wall " as above, but is from the Icelandic vagleygr, vagl, a See also:

• BEAM
• BEAM (from the O. Eng. beam, cf. Ger. Baum, a tree, to which sense may be referred the use of " beam " as meaning the rood or crucifix, and the survival in certain names of trees, as horn-beam)

beam, See also:

• STY

sty in the eye, and eygr, eyed .