See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

FRANCIS See also:

• SIR FRANCIS WALSINGHAM (c. 1530-1590)
• WALSINGHAM, THOMAS (d. c. 1422)

WALSINGHAM (c. 1530-1590)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English statesman, was the only son of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• WALSINGHAM, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1530-1590)
• WALSINGHAM, THOMAS (d. c. 1422)

Walsingham, See also:

• COMMON

common sergeant of See also:

• LONDON

London (d . See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1534), by his wife Joyce, daughter of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund Denny of See also:

• CHESHUNT

Cheshunt . The See also:

• FAMILY

family is assumed to have sprung from Walsingham in See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk, but the earliest See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic traces of it are found in London in the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; and it was one of the numerous families which, having accumulated See also:

• WEALTH

wealth in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, planted themselves out as landed gentry and provided the Tudor See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy with its justices of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main support . To this connexion may also be attributed much of the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence which London exerted over English policy in the 16th century . Sir See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis's See also:

• GREAT

great-great-great-grandfather, Alan, was a cordwainer of See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

Grace-See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street; Alan's son See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, a vintner, See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased Scadbury in See also:

• CHISLEHURST

Chislehurst, and Thomas's great-See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson William bought See also:

• FOOT

Foot's Cray, where Francis may have been See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born . His See also:

• UNCLE

uncle Sir Edmund was See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant of the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower, and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother was related to Sir See also:

• ANTHONY, SAINT
• ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1906)

Anthony Denny, a member of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII.'s privy See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council who attended him on his See also:

• DEATH

death-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed . Francis matriculated as a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-commoner of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, of which Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• CHEKE, SIR JOHN (1514-1557)

Cheke was See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost, in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1548; and he continued studying there amid strongly Protest-See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant influences until Michaelmas 1550, when he appears, after the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, to have gone abroad to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete his See also:

• EDUCATION

education (Stalin, p . 79) . Returning in 1552 he was admitted at See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

Gray's See also:

• INN

Inn on See also:

• JANUARY

January 28, 1553, but See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VI.'s death six months later induced him to resume his See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign travels . In 1555—1556 he was at See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua, where he was admitted a " consiliarius " in the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of See also:

• LAWS

laws . Returning to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England after See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth's See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession he was elected M.P. for See also:

• BANBURY

Banbury to her first See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, which sat from January to May 1 559 . He married in January 1562 See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne, daughter of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• BARNES, ALBERT (1798–1870)
• BARNES, BARNABE (1569 ?–16o9)
• BARNES, JOSHUA (1654-1712)
• BARNES, ROBERT (1495-1540)
• BARNES, SIR EDWARD (1776-1838)
• BARNES, THOMAS (1785-1841)
• BARNES, W
• BARNES, WILLIAM (1800-1886)

Barnes, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

Mayor of London and widow of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Carleill, whose son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher See also:

• HODDESDON

Hoddesdon was closely associated with maritime and commercial enterprise .

He was elected to represent Lyme Regis in Elizabeth's second parliament of 1563 as well as for Banbury, and preferred to sit for the former See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough . He may have owed his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to See also:

• CECIL

Cecil's influence, for to Cecil he subsequently attributed his rise to See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power; but his See also:

• BROTHER

brother-in-law Sir See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter Mildmay was well known at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court and in 1566 became See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer . In that See also:

• YEAR

year Walsingham married a second time, his first wife having died in 1564; his second was also a widow, See also:

• URSULA, ST

Ursula, daughter of Henry St Barbe and widow of Sir See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• WORSLEY
• WORSLEY, PHILIP STANHOPE (1835-1866)

Worsley of Appuldurcombe, See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of the Isle of See also:

• WIGHT, ISLE OF

Wight . Her See also:

• SISTER

sister Edith married See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• BEALE, DOROTHEA (1831-1906)

Beale, afterwards the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of Walsingham's henchmen . By his second wife Walsingham had a daughter who married firstly Sir See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

Sidney, secondly Robert Devereux, second See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex, and thirdly Richard de See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

Burgh, earl of See also:

• CLANRICARDE, ULICK DE BURGH (BOURKE or BURKE)
• CLANRICARDE, ULICK DE BURGH (BOURKE or BURKE), MARQUESS OF (1604-1657 or 1658)

Clanricarde . Walsingham's earliest extant communications with the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government date from 1567; and in that and the following two yeaxs he was supplying Cecil with See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information about the movements of foreign spies in London . The See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris declared in 1570 that he had been for two years engaged in See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting contributions from English churches for the assistance of the See also:

• HUGUENOTS

Huguenots in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; and he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a memorial depicting the dangers.of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart's presence in England and of the project for her See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Norfolk . See also:

• RIDOLFI, or RIDOLFO, ROBERTO DI (1531-1612)

Ridolfi, the conspirator, was committed to his custody in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1569, and seems to have deluded Walsingham as to his intentions; but there is inadequate See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence for the statement (See also:

• DIET

Diet . Nat . Biog.) that Walsingham was already organizing the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police of London . In the summer of 1570 he was, in spite of his protestations, designated to succeed See also:

• NORRIS
• NORRIS, FRANK (1870—1902)
• NORRIS, HENRY NORRIS
• NORRIS, JOHN (1657-1711)
• NORRIS, SIR JOHN (c. 1547-1597)
• NORRIS, WILLIAM EDWARD (1847– )

Norris as ambassador at Paris . La Mothe See also:

• FENELON, BERTRAND DE SALIGNAC

Fenelon, the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French ambassador in England, wrote that he was thought a very able See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, devoted to the new See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, and very much in Cecil's secrets .

Cecil had in 1569 triumphed over the conservative and aristocratic party in the council; and Walsingham was the ablest of the new men whom he brought to the front to give See also:

• PLAY

play to the new forces which were to carve out England's career . An essential See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in the new policy was the substitution of an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with France for the old Burgundian friendship . The affair of See also:

• SAN

San Juan de Ulua and the seizure of the Spanish treasure-See also:

• SHIPS

ships in 1568 had been omens of the inevitable conflict with See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain; Ridolfi's See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot and Philip II.'s approaches to Mary Stuart indicated the lines upon which the struggle would be fought; and it was Walsingham's business to reconcile the Huguenots with the French government, and upon this reconciliation to See also:

• BASE

base an Anglo-French alliance which might See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to a See also:

• GRAND

grand attack on Spain, to the liberation of the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands, to the destruction of Spain's See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly in the New See also:

• WORLD

World, and to making Protestantism the dominant force in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . Walsingham threw himself See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart and soul into the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement . He was the anxious fanatic of Elizabeth's advisers ; he lacked the See also:

• PATIENCE

patience of See also:

• BURGHLEY, WILLIAM CECIL, BARON (1521-1598)

Burghley and the cynical coolness of Elizabeth . His devotion to Protestantism made him feverishly alive to the perils which threatened the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation; and he took an alarmist view of every situation . Ever dreading a See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow, he was always eager to strike the first; and alive to the perils of peace, he was See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind to the dangers of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . He supplied the momentum which was necessary to counteract the caution of Burghley and Elizabeth ; but it was probably fortunate that his headstrong counsels were generally overruled by the circumspection of his See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign . He would have plunged England into war with Spain in 1572, when the risks would have been infinitely greater than in 1588, and when the Huguenot influence over the French government, on which he relied for support, would probably have broken in his hands . His clear-cut, strenuous policy of open hostilities has always had its admirers; but it is difficult to see how England could have secured from it more than she actually did from Elizabeth's more See also:

• FABIAN [FABIANUS], SAINT (d. 250)

Fabian See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics . War, declared before England had gained the See also:

• NAVAL

naval experience and wealth of the next fifteen years, and before Spain had been weakened by the struggle in the Netherlands and the depredations of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-rovers, would have been a desperate expedient; and the ideas that any See also:

• ACTION

action on Elizabeth's See also:

• PART

part could have made France Huguenot, or prevented the disruption of the Netherlands, may be dismissed as the idle dreams of See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant enthusiasts . Walsingham, however, was an accomplished diplomatist, and he reserved these truculent opinions for the ears of his own government, incurring frequent rebukes from Elizabeth .

In his professional capacity, his attitude was correct enough; and, indeed, his anxiety for the French alliance and for the marriage between Elizabeth and See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou led him to suggest concessions to Anjou's See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic susceptibilities which came strangely from so staunch a Puritan . Elizabeth did not mean to marry, and although a defensive alliance was concluded between England and France in See also:

• APRIL

April 1572, the French government perceived that public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion in France would not tolerate an open See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach with Spain in Protestant interests . See also:

• COLIGNY, GASPARD DE (1519-1572)

Coligny's success in captivating the mind of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IX. infuriated See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine de Medicis, and the prospect of France being dragged at the heels of the Huguenots infuriated the Catholics . The result was Catherine's See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt on Coligny's See also:

• LIFE

life and then the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of St See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew, which placed Walsingham's See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person in See also:

• JEOPARDY

jeopardy and ruined for the time all hopes of the realization of his policy of active French and English co-operation .. He was recalled in April 1573, but the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen recognized that the failure had been due to no See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault of his, and eight months later he was admitted to the privy council and made See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state with Sir Thomas See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith . He held this See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office jointly or solely until his death; in 1577 when Smith died, Dr Thomas See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson was associated with Walsingham; after Wilson's death in 1581 Walsingham was See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole secretary until See also:

• JULY

July 1586, when See also:

• DAVISON, WILLIAM (c. 1541-1608)

Davison began his brief and See also:

• ILL

ill-fated seven months' See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of the office . After Davison's disgrace in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1587 Walsingham remained sole secretary, though Wolley assisted him as Latin secretary from 1588 to 1590 . He was also returned to parliament at a by-election in 1576 as See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight of the See also:

• SHIRE

shire for See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to Charles See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard, who had become Lord Howard of Effingham, and he was re-elected for Surrey in 1584, 1586 and 1588 . He was knighted on See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1, 1577, and made chancellor of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the Garter on April 22, 1578 . As secretary, Walsingham could pursue no See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent policy; he was rather in the position of permanent under-secretary of the combined See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home and foreign departments, and he had to See also:

• WORK

work under the direction of the council, and particularly of Burghley and the queen . Ile continued to urge the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of more vigorous intervention on behalf of the Protestants abroad, though now his clients were the Dutch rather than the Huguenots . In See also:

• JUNE

June 1578 he was sent with Lord See also:

• COBHAM

Cobham to the Netherlands, mainly to glean reliable information on the complicated situation .

He had interviews with the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange, with Casimir who was there in the interests of Protestant See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, with Anjou who came in his own interests or in those of France, and with See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don John, who nominally governed the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in Philip's name; the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story that he instigated a plot to kidnap or See also:

• MURDER

murder Don John is without See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation . His letters betray discontent with Elizabeth's reluctance to assist the States; he could not understand her antipathy to rebellious subjects, and he returned in October, having accomplished little . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1581 he was sent on a second and briefer See also:

• MISSION

mission to Paris . Its See also:

• OBJECT

object was to secure a solid Anglo-French alliance against Spain without the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition upon which Henry III. insisted, namely a marriage between Elizabeth and Anjou . The French government would not yield, and Walsingham came back, to be followed by Anjou who sought in See also:

• PERSONAL

personal interviews to overcome Elizabeth's objections to See also:

• MATRIMONY (Lat. matrimonium, marriage, which is the ordinary English sense)

matrimony . He, too, was unsuccessful; and a few months later he was dismissed with some English See also:

• MONEY

money and ostensible assurances of support . But secretly Elizabeth countermined his plans; unlike Walsing-See also:

• HAM

ham, she would sooner have seen Philip remain See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the Netherlands than see them fall into the hands of France . His final See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy was to the court of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James VI. in 1583, and here his vehement and suspicious Protestantism led him astray and provoked him into counterworking the designs of his own government . He was convinced that James was as hostile to Elizabeth as Mary herself, and failed to perceive that he was as inimical to popery as he was to See also:

• PRESBYTERIANISM

presbyterianism . Elizabeth and Burghley were inclined to try an alliance with the Scottish king, and the event justified their policy, which Walsingham did his best to frustrate, although deserted on this occasion by his chief See also:

• REGULAR

regular supporter, See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester . For the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his life Walsingham was mainly occupied in detecting and frustrating the various plots formed against Elizabeth's life; and herein he achieved a success denied him in his foreign policy . He raised the English See also:

• SYSTEM

system of secret intelligence to a high degree of efficiency .

At one time he is said to have had in his pay fifty-three agents at foreign courts, besides eighteen persons whose functions were even more obscure . Some of them were See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double spies, sold to both parties, whose real sentiments are still conjectural; but Walsingham was more successful in seducing Catholic spies than his antagonists were in seducing Protestant spies, and most of his information came from Catholics who betrayed one another . In his office in London men were trained in the arts of deciphering See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence, feigning See also:

• HANDWRITING

handwriting, and of breaking and repairing See also:

• SEALS

seals in such a way as to avoid detection . His spies were naturally doubtful characters, because the profession does not attract honest men; morality of methods can no more be expected from See also:

• COUNTER

counter-plotters than from plotters; and the prevalence of See also:

• POLITICAL

political or religious assassination made counterplot a necessity in the interests of the state . The most famous of the plots frustrated by Walsingham was Anthony See also:

• BABINGTON, ANTHONY (1561–1586)
• BABINGTON, CHURCHILL (1821-1889)

Babington's, which he detected in 1586 . Of the See also:

• GUILT

guilt of the main conspirators there is no doubt, but the complicity of Mary Stuart has been hotly disputed . Walsingham had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been convinced, like parliament and the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of Englishmen, of the necessity of removing Mary; but it was only the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of Babington's plot that enabled him to bring pressure enough to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear upon Elizabeth to ensure Mary's See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution . This circumstance has naturally led to the theory that he concocted, if not the plot, at least the proofs of Mary's connivance . Undoubtedly he facilitated her self-incrimination, but of her active encouragement of the plot there can be little doubt after the publication of her letters to See also:

• MENDOZA
• MENDOZA, ANTONIO HURTADO DE (1593?-1644)
• MENDOZA, DIEGO HURTADO DE (1503-1575)
• MENDOZA, PEDRO GONZALEZ DE (1428-1495)

Mendoza, in which she excuses her complicity on the plea that no other means were See also:

• LEFT

left to secure her liberation . Considering the part he played in this transaction, Walsingham was fortunate to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the See also:

• FATE

fate which the queen with calculated indignation inflicted upon Davison . Walsingham died deeply in See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt on April 6, 1590 . Since 1579 he had lived mainly at See also:

• BARN

Barn Elms, Barnes, maintaining an adequate See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment; but his See also:

• SALARY

salary did not See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover his expenses, he was burdened with his son-in-law Sir Philip Sidney's debts, and he obtained few of those perquisites which Elizabeth lavished on her favourites .

He had little of the courtier about him; his sombre temperament and directness of speech irritated the queen, and it says something for both of them that he retained her confidence and his office until the end of his life . Dr Karl Stahlin's elaborate and scholarly Sir Francis Walsingham and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Zeit (See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, vol. i., 1908) supersedes all previous accounts of Walsingham so far as it goes (1573); Dr Stahlin has also dealt with the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• HISTORY

history of the family in his See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Walsingham bis zur Mitte See also:

• DES

des 16 . Jahrhunderts (Heidelberg, 1905) . Vast masses of Walsingham's correspondence are preserved in the See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

Record Office and the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum; some have been epitomized in the Foreign See also:

• CALENDAR

Calendar (as far as 1582) ; and his correspondence during his two embassies to France was published in extenso by Sir See also:

• DUDLEY
• DUDLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF
• DUDLEY, EDMUND (c. 1462—1510)
• DUDLEY, SIR ROBERT (1573—1649)
• DUDLEY, THOMAS (1576-1653)

Dudley See also:

• DIGGES, WEST (172o-1786)

Digges in 1655 under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title The Compleat Ambassador, possibly, as has been suggested by Dr Stahlin, to give a fillip to the similar policy then being pursued by See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell . The ascription to Sir Francis of Arcana Aulica: or Walsingham's See also:

• MANUAL

Manual of Prudential See also:

• MAXIMS, LEGAL

Maxims for the Statesman and the Courtier is erroneous; the See also:

• BOOK

book is really the See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of a French See also:

• TREATISE

treatise by one Edward Walsingham who flourished c . 1643-1659 . See also See also:

• WEBB, MATTHEW (1848-1883)
• WEBB, SIDNEY (1859– )

Webb, See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

Miller and See also:

• BECKWITH, JAMES CARROLL (1852– )
• BECKWITH, SIR THOMAS SYDNEY (1772–1831)

Beckwith's History of Chislehurst (1899) and Diet . Nat . Biog. lix . 231-240 . Mr Conyers Read, who edited the Bardon Papers (" See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden " See also:

• SER

ser . 1909), See also:

• RELATING

relating to Mary's trial, was in 1910 engaged on an elaborate life of Walsingham, part of which the See also:

• PRESENT

present writer was able to see in MS .

(A . F .