See also:

• HUBERT (HUCBERTUS, HUGBERTUS), ST (d. 727)

HUBERT See also:

• HUBERT WALTER (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

WALTER (d. 1205)  , See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• JUSTICIAR (med. Lat. justiciarius or justitiarius, a judge)

justiciar of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, was a relative of Ranulf de See also:

• GLANVILL (or GLANVIL), JOSEPH (1636-168o)
• GLANVILL, RANULF DE (sometimes written GLANVIL, GLANVILLE) (d. 1190)

Glanvill, the See also:

• GREAT

great justiciar of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II., and See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose under the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye of his kinsman to an important position in the See also:

• CURIA

Curia Regis . In 1184 and in 1185 he appears as a See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer . He was employed, sometimes as a negotiator, sometimes as a See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, sometimes as a royal secretary . He received no clerical See also:

• PRO

pro-See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion from Henry II., but See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard I. appointed him See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury, and by Richard's command he went with the third crusade to the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LAND

Land . He gained the respect of all the crusaders, and acted as Richard's See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent in all negotiations with See also:

• SALADIN (Arab. Sala-ud-din, " Honouring the Faith ") (1138—1193)

Saladin, being given a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the first See also:

• BAND

band of pilgrims that entered See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . He led the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army back to England after Richard's departure from See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine; but in See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily he heard of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's captivity, and hurried to join him in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . In 1193 he returned to England to raise the king's See also:

• RANSOM (from Lat. redemptio, through Fr. rancon)

ransom . Soon afterwards he was elected archbishop of Canter-See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

bury and made justiciar . He was very successful in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, and after Richard's last visit he was practically the ruler of England . He had no See also:

• LIGHT

light task to keep See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace with the king's See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant demand for See also:

• MONEY

money . He was compelled to See also:

• WORK

work the administrative machinery to its utmost, and indeed. to invent new methods of See also:

• EXTORTION (Lat. extorsio, from extorquere, to twist out, to take away by force)

extortion . To pay for Richard's ransom, he had already been compelled to tax See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• PROPERTY

property, the first instance of such See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation for See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular purposes .

The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main feature of all his See also:

• MEASURES

measures was the novel and extended use of See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation and See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election for all the purposes of government . His chief measures are contained in his instruction to the itinerant justices of 1194 and 1198, in his See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance of 1195 for the conservation of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and in his See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of 1198 for the See also:

• ASSESSMENT, (from Lat. assessare, to sit beside, to judge)

assessment of the carucage . The justices of 1194 were to See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order the election of four coroners by the suitors of each See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . These new See also:

• OFFICERS

officers were to " keep," i.e. to See also:

• REGISTER

register, the pleas of the See also:

• CROWN

crown, an important See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty hitherto See also:

• LEFT

left to the See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff . The juries, both for answering the questions asked by the See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges andfor trying cases under the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• ASSIZE

assize, were to be chosen by a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of four knights, also elected by the suitors of each county court for that purpose . In 1195 See also:

• HUBERT (HUCBERTUS, HUGBERTUS), ST (d. 727)

Hubert issued an ordinance by which four knights were to be appointed in every See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as guardians of the peace, and from this humble beginning eventually was evolved the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of justice of the peace . His reliance upon the knights, or See also:

• MIDDLE

middle-class land-owners, who now for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time appear in the See also:

• POLITICAL

political fore-ground, is all the more interesting because it is this class who, either as members of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament or justices of the peace, were to have the effective See also:

• RULE

rule of England in their hands for so many centuries . In 1198, to satisfy the king's demand for money, Hubert demanded a carucage or plough-tax of five shillings on every plough-land (See also:

• CARUCATE, or CARRUCATE (from the Med. Lat. carrucata, from carruca, a wheeled plough)

carucate) under cultivation . This was the old tax, the See also:

• DANEGELD

Danegeld, in a new and heavier See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and there was great difficulty in levying it . To make it easier, the justiciar ordered the assessment to be made by a sworn See also:

• JURY

jury in every hundred, and one may reasonably conjecture that these jurors were also elected . Besides these important constitutional changes Hubert negotiated a peace with See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland in 1195, and in 1197 another with the Welsh . But Richard had grown dissatisfied with him, for the carucage had not been a success, and Hubert had failed to overcome the resistance of the Great See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council when its members refused to equip a force of knights to serve abroad .

In 1198 Hubert, who had inherited from his predecessors in the primacy a fierce See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with the Canterbury monks, gave these enemies an opportunity of complaining to the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, for in arresting the See also:

• LONDON

London See also:

• DEMAGOGUE (Gr. Srlµaywybs, from iyety, to lead, and Siµos, the people)

demagogue, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Fitz Osbert, he had committed an act of See also:

• SACRILEGE

sacrilege in See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

Bow See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, which belonged to the monks . The pope asked Richard to See also:

• FREE

free Hubert from all secular duties, and he did so, thus making the demand an excuse for dismissing Hubert from the justiciarship . On the 27th of May 1199 Hubert crowned See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, making a speech in which the old theory of election by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people was enunciated for the last time . He also took the office of See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor and cheerfully worked under See also:

• GEOFFREY
• GEOFFREY (1158-1186)
• GEOFFREY (c. I152-1212)

Geoffrey Fitz See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, one of his former subordinates . In 1201 he went on a See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• MISSION

mission to See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and in 1202 he returned to England to keep the kingdom in peace while John was losing his See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental possessions . In 1205 he died . Hubert was an ingenious, See also:

• ORIGINAL

original and industrious public servant, but he was grasping and perhaps dishonest . See W . See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs, Constitutional See also:

• HISTORY

History, vol. i . (1897) ; See also:

• MISS

Miss K . Norgate's England under the Angevin See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings, vol. ii . (1887); W .

Stubbs, See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to vol. iv. of See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger of Hoveden's See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle (" Rolls" See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, 1868-1871) .