See also:

• WALTHER, BERNHARD (1430-15o4)

WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE (c. 1170-C. 1230)  , the most celebrated of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German lyric poets . For all his fame, VValther's name is not found in contemporary records, with the exception of a solitary mention in the travelling ac-See also:

• COUNTS

counts of See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop Wolfger of See also:

• PASSAU

Passau—" Walthero cantori de Vogelweide See also:

• PRO

pro pellicio V. solidos longos "—" To See also:

• WALTHER, BERNHARD (1430-15o4)

Walther the See also:

• SINGER, SIMEON (1846-1906)

singer of the Vogelweide five shillings to buy a See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur coat," and the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• SOURCES

sources of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information about him are his own poems and occasional references by contemporary See also:

• MINNESINGERS (Ger. Minnesinger from Minne, love)

Minnesingers . It is clear from the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title her (Herr, See also:

• SIR

Sir) these give him, that he was of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth; but it is equally clear from his name Vogelweide (See also:

• LAT

Lat. aviariunz, a gathering See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place or preserve of birds) that he belonged not to the higher See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, who took their titles from castles or villages, but to the nobility of service (Dienstadel), humble retainers of the See also:

• GREAT

great lords, who in See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and position were little removed from non-noble See also:

• FREE

free cultivators . For along See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the place of his birth was a See also:

• MATTER

matter of dispute, until See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz See also:

• PFEIFFER
• PFEIFFER, FRANZ (1815—1868)

Pfeiffer established beyond reasonable doubt that he was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in the Wipthal in See also:

• TIROL (or TYROL 1)

Tirol, where, not far from the little See also:

• TOWN

town of Sterzing on the Eisak, a See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood—called the Vorder- and Hint ervogelweide—preserves at least the name of his vanished See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . This origin would See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for what is known of Walther's See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• LIFE

life . Tirol was at this time the home of several noted Minnesingers; and the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, under the enlightened See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I. of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• BABENBERG

Babenberg, had become a centre of See also:

• POETRY

poetry and See also:

• ART

art . Here it was that the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young poet learned his See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft under the renowned See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master Reinmar the Old, whose See also:

• DEATH

death the afterwards lamented in two of his most beautiful lyrics; and in the open handed duke he found his first See also:

• PATRON

patron . This happy See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of his life, during which he produced the most charming and spontaneous of his love-lyrics, came to an end with the death of Duke Frederick in 1198 . Henceforward Walther was a wanderer from court to court, singing for his lodging and his See also:

• BREAD

bread, and ever hoping that some patron would arise to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save him from this " See also:

• JUGGLER (Lat. joculator, jester)

juggler's life " (gougelfuore) and the shame of ever playing the See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest . For material success in this profession he was hardly calculated . His See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of men and See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners was scathing; and even when this did not See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch his princely patrons, their underlings often took See also:

• MEASURES

measures to rid themselves of so uncomfortable a See also:

• CENSOR (from Lat. censere, assess, estimate; in Gr. rt s ris)

censor . Thus he was forced to leave the court of the generous duke Bernhard of See also:

• CARINTHIA (Ger. Kdrnten)

Carinthia (1202–1256); after an experience of the tumultuous See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household of the See also:

• LANDGRAVE (Ger. Landgraf, from Land, " a country" and Graf, "count" )

landgrave of Thuringia he warns those who have weak ears to give it a wide See also:

• BERTH

berth; and after three years at the court of See also:

• DIETRICH, CHRISTIAN WILHELM ERNST (1712-1774)

Dietrich I. of See also:

• MEISSEN

Meissen (reigned 1195-1221) he complains that he had received for his services neither See also:

• MONEY

money nor praise .

Walther was, in fact, a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of strong views; and it is this which gives him his main significance in See also:

• HISTORY

history, as distinguished from his place in literature . From the moment when the death of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VI . (1147) opened the fateful struggle between See also:

• EMPIRE

empire and papacy, Walther threw himself ardently into the fray on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of German See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence and unity . Though his religious poems sufficiently prove the sincerity of his catholicism, he remained to the end of his days opposed to the extreme claims of the popes, whom he attacks with a bitterness which can only be justified by the strength of his patriotic feelings . His See also:

• POLITICAL

political poems begin with an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, written in 1198 at Vienna, against the disruptive ambitions of the princes: " See also:

• CROWN

Crown See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip with the Kaiser's crown And bid them vex thy See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace no more." He was See also:

• PRESENT

present, on the 8th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, at Philip's See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation at See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, and supported him till his victory was assured . After Philip's See also:

• MURDER

murder in 1209, he said and sang " in support of See also:

• OTTO

Otto of See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick against the papal See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate Frederick of Staufen; and only when Otto's usefulness to Germany had been shattered by the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• BOUVINES

Bouvines (1212) did he turn to the rising See also:

• STAR

star of Frederick II., now the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole representative of German See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

majesty against See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope and princes . From the new emperor his See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius and his zeal for the empire at last received recognition; and a small See also:

• FIEF

fief in See also:

• FRANCONIA (Ger. Franken)

Franconia was bestowed upon him, which, though he complained that its value was little, gave him the home and the fixed position he had so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long desired . That Frederick gave him an even more See also:

• SIGNAL

signal See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of his favour by making him the See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor of his son Henry VII., is more than doubtful . The fact, in itself highly improbable, rests only upon the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of a single poem, which is capable of another See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation . Walther's restless spirit did not suffer him to remain long on his new See also:

• PROPERTY

property . In 1217 we find him once more at Vienna, and again in 1219 after the return of Duke See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold VI. from the crusade . About 1224 he seems to have settled on his fief near See also:

• WURZBURG

Wurzburg .

He was active in urging the German princes to take See also:

• PART

part in the crusade of 1228, and may have accompanied the crusading See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army at least as far as his native Tirol . In a beautiful and pathetic poem he paints the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change that had come over the scenes of his childhood and made his life seem a thing dreamed . He died about 1230, and was buried at Wiirzburg, after leaving directions, according to the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story, that the birds were to be fed at his See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb daily . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original gravestone with its Latin inscription has disappeared; but in 1843 a new See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument was erected over the spot . There is also a See also:

• FINE

fine statue of the poet at Bozen, unveiled in 1877 . Historically interesting as Walther's political verses are, their merit has been not a little exaggerated by See also:

• MODERN

modern German critics, who saw their own imperial aspirations and See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-papal prejudices reflected in this patriotic poet of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . Of more lasting value are the beautiful lyrics, mainly dealing with love, which led his contemporaries to See also:

• HAIL (O. Eng. kcegl and hagol, 1 cf. the cognate Teutonic hagel, as in German, Dutch, Swedish, &c.; the Gr. K&XX17E, pebble, is probably allied)

hail him as their master in See also:

• SONG

song (unsers sanges meister) . He is of course unequal . At his worst he does not rise above the tiresome conventionalities of his school . At his best he shows a spontaneity, a See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm and a facility which his rivals sought in vain to emulate . His earlier lyrics are full of the joy of life, of feeling for nature and of the See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of love . Greatly daring, he even rescues love from the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention which had made it the See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative of the nobly born, contrasts the titles " woman " (wip) and " See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady " (froitwe) to the disadvantage of the latter, and puts the most beautiful of his lyrics—Unter der See also:

• LINDEN

linden—into the mouth of a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple girl .

A certain seriousness, which is apparent under the joyousness of his earlier See also:

• WORK

work, See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew on him with years . Religious and didactic poems become more frequent; and his verses in praise of love turn at times to a protest against the laxer See also:

• STANDARDS

standards of an See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age demoralized by political unrest . Throughout his attitude is healthy and sane . He preaches the crusade; but at the same time he suggests the virtue of See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration, pointing out that in the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of See also:

• GOD

God " Christians, See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews and See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen all agree." He fulminates against " false love "; but pours scorn on those who maintain that " love is See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin.' In an age of monastic ideals and loose morality there was nothing See also:

• COMMONPLACE

commonplace in the simple lines in which he sums up the inspiring principle of See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry at its best :-- Swer guotes wibes liebe See also:

• HAT

hat Der schamt sich ieder missetat." 1 Altogether Walther's poems give us the picture not only of a great See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic genius, but of a strenuous, passionate, very human and very lovable See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The Gedichte were edited by Karl See also:

• LACHMANN, KARL KONRAD FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1793-1851)

Lachmann (1827) . This edition of the great See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar was re-edited by M . See also:

• HAUPT, MORITZ (1808—1874)

Haupt (3rd ed., 1853) . Walther v. d . Vogelweide, edited by Franz Pfeiffer, with introduction and notes (4th edition, by Karl Bartsch, See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1873) . Glossarium zu d . Gedichten Walther's, nebst e . Reimverzeichnis, by C .

A . Hornig (Quedlinburg, 1844) . There are See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations into modern German by B . Obermann (1886), and into See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse Selected poems of See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter von der Vogelweide by W . See also:

• ALISON, ARCHIBALD (1757-1839)

Alison See also:

• PHILLIPS
• PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833-1882)
• PHILLIPS, EDWARD (163o-1696)
• PHILLIPS, JOHN (1800—1874)
• PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814—1854)
• PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868– )
• PHILLIPS, THOMAS (1770-1845)
• PHILLIPS, WENDELL (1811-1884)

Phillips, with introduction and notes (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1896) . The poem Unter der Linden, not included in the latter, was freely translated by T . L . See also:

• BEDDOES, THOMAS (1760-1808)
• BEDDOES, THOMAS LOVELL (1803-1849)

Beddoes (See also:

• WORKS

Works, 1890), more closely by W . A . Phillips in the Nineteenth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century for See also:

• JULY

July 1896 (ccxxxiii. p . 7o) . Leben u .

Dichten Walther's von der Vogelweide, by Wilhelm Wilmanns (See also:

• BONN

Bonn, 7882), is a valuable See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical study of the poet's life and works . (W . A .