WAMPUM  , or WAMPUM-PEAGE (Amer . Ind. wampam, " See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white "; peag, " See also:

• BEAD

bead "), the See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell-See also:

• MONEY

money of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians . It consisted of beads made from shells, and, unlike the See also:

• COWRY

cowry-money of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India and See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa (which was the shell in its natural See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state), required a considerable measure of skill in its manufacture . Wampum was of two See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, dark See also:

• PURPLE

purple and white, of cylindrical See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, averaging a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch in length, and about See also:

• HALF

half that in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter . Its See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour determined its value . The See also:

• TERM

term wampum or wampum-peage was apparently applied to the beads only when strung or See also:

• WOVEN

woven together . They were ground as smooth as See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass and were strung together by a hole drilled through the centre . Dark wampum, which was made from a " hard shell " clam (See also:

• VENUS

Venus mercenaria), popularly called quahang or quahog, a corruption of the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian name, was the most valuable . White wampum was made from the shell of whelks, either from the See also:

• COMMON

common whelk (Buccinum und See also:

• ALUM

alum) , or from that of Pyrula canaliculata and Pyrula carica . Wampum was employed most in New See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, but it was common elsewhere . By the Dutch settlers of New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York it was called seawan or zeewand, and roenoke in See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia, and perhaps farther See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, for shell-money was also known in the Carolinas, but whether the roenoke of the Virginian Indians was made from the same See also:

• SPECIES

species of shell as wampum is not clear . Cylindrical shell-beads similar to the wampum of the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast Indians were made to some extent by the Indians of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west coast .

This was manufactured from the Mytilus californianus, a See also:

• MUSSEL (0. Eng. muscle, Lat. musculus, diminutive of mus, mouse, applied to small sea fish and mussels)

mussel which abounds there . In the trading between whites and Indians, wampum so completely took the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin that its value was fixed by legal enactment, three to a See also:

• PENNY (Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " pawn,". the word meaning a little pledge or token, or with G
• PENNY, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528)

penny and five shillings a See also:

• FATHOM

fathom . The fathom was the name for a See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count, and the number of shells varied according to the accepted See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange . Thuswhere six wampum went to the penny, the fathom consisted of 36o beads; but where four made a penny, as under the See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts standard of 1640, then the fathom counted 240 . The beads were at first See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth more than five shillings per fathom, the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price at which they passed current in 1643 . A few years before the fathom had been worth nine or ten shillings . See also:

• CONNECTICUT

Connecticut received wampum for taxes in 1637 at four a penny . In 1640 Massachusetts adopted the Connecticut standard, "white to pass at four and bleuse at two a penny." There was no restriction on the manufacture of wampum, and it was made by the whites as well as the Indians . The See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market was soon flooded with carelessly made and inferior wampum, but it continued to be circulated in the remote districts of New England through the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and even into the beginning of the 18th . It was current with See also:

• SILVER

silver in Connecticut in 1704 . Wampum was also used for See also:

• PERSONAL

personal adornment, and belts were made by embroidering wampum upon strips of deerskin . These belts or scarves were symbols of authority and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and were surrendered on defeat in See also:

• BATTLE

battle .

Wampum also served a mnemonic use as a tribal See also:

• HISTORY

history or See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record . " The belts that pass from one nation to another in all See also:

• TREATIES

treaties, declarations and important transactions, are very carefully preserved in the chiefs' cabins, and serve not only as a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of record or history but as a public See also:

• TREASURY

treasury . According to the Indian conception, these belts could tell by means of an interpreter the exact See also:

• RULE

rule, See also:

• PRO

pro-See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision or transaction talked into them at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time and of which they were the exclusive record . A strand of wampum, consisting of purple and white shell-beads or a See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt woven with figures formed by beads of different colours, operated on the principle of associating a particular fact with a particular See also:

• STRING

string or figure, thus giving a serial arrangement to the facts as well as fidelity to the memory . These strands and belts were the only visible records of the See also:

• IROQUOIS

Iroquois, but they required the trained interpreters who could draw from their strings and figures the acts and intentions locked up in their remembrance" (See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major See also:

• ROGERS, HENRY DARWIN (18o8—1866)
• ROGERS, JAMES EDWIN THOROLD (1823-1890)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1627–c. 1665)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1829-1904)
• ROGERS, JOHN (c. 1500-1555)
• ROGERS, ROBERT (1727-1784?)
• ROGERS, S
• ROGERS, SAMUEL (1763-1855)
• ROGERS, WILLIAM (1819-1896)

Rogers, See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

Account of North See also:

• AMERICA

America, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1765) . See See also:

• HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL (18o9-1894)

Holmes, " See also:

• ART

Art in Shell of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Americans " in See also:

• ANNUAL

Annual See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report of See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau of See also:

• ETHNOLOGY

Ethnology, See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, for' 88o–z88z; W . B . Weeden, Indian Money as a See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

Factor in New England See also:

• CIVILIZATION

Civilization (See also:

• BALTIMORE
• BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (C. 1580—1632)

Baltimore, 1884); E . See also:

• INGERSOLL
• INGERSOLL, ROBERT GREEN (1833—1899)

Ingersoll, " Wampum and its History," in American Naturalist, vol. xvii . (1883); Horatio See also:

• HALE, EDWARD EVERETT (1822-1909)
• HALE, HORATIO (1817–1896)
• HALE, JOHN PARKER (1806–1873)
• HALE, NATHAN (1756-1776)
• HALE, SIR MATTHEW (1609-1676)
• HALE, WILLIAM GARDNER (1849- )

Hale, " On the Origin and Nature of Wampum," in American Naturalist, vol. xviii . (1884) ; C . L .

See also:

• NORTON, CAROLINE ELIZABETH SARAH (18o8–1877)
• NORTON, CHARLES BOWYER ADDERLEY, 1ST BARON (1814–1905)
• NORTON, CHARLES ELIOT (1827-1908)
• NORTON, THOMAS (1532–1584)

Norton, " The Last Wampum Coinage," in American See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine for See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1888 .