WAR  VESSELS] guns, the 13-in. guns being mounted in pairs in turrets on the upper See also:

• DECK

deck, and the four 8-in. guns singly in turrets at the corners of the superstructure deck . They were followed by the " See also:

• IOWA

Iowa " of 11,346 tons, laid down in 1893; and in 1896 by the " Kearsarge" and " See also:

• KENTUCKY

Kentucky," whose See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal dimensions were:—length 368 ft., See also:

• BEAM
• BEAM (from the O. Eng. beam, cf. Ger. Baum, a tree, to which sense may be referred the use of " beam " as meaning the rood or crucifix, and the survival in certain names of trees, as horn-beam)

beam 72 ft., mean See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught 23 ft . 6 in., displacement 11,525 tons, I.H.P . Io,5oo and See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed 16 knots as designed, 12,000 I.H.P. and 16* knots being reached on trial . They carried four 13-in. guns in currets 15 in. thick, four 8-in, guns in turrets 9 in. thick, fourteen 5-in . Q.F. guns, twenty-seven smaller guns, and four See also:

• TORPEDO

torpedo tubes; and at the above displacement they carried 410 tons of See also:

• COAL

coal, but could See also:

• STOW, JOHN (c. 1525-1605)

stow 1590 tons . They had a novelty in the shape of two See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double-storeyed turrets, one forward and one aft . In this arrangement a second See also:

• TURRET (from O. Fr. tourette, diminutive of tour, tower, mod. Fr. tourelle)

turret is superposed or built on the first, the structure so formed turning as a whole; a pair of 8-in. guns is mounted in the upper turret, and a pair of 13-in. guns in the See also:

• LOWER

lower . A later example of See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design is furnished by the five first-class battleships of the " See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia " class (fig . 65), laid down in 1902, which have a displacement of 15,320 tons, length 435 ft., beam 76 ft. to in., and a mean draught of 24 ft.; they have a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• LINE

line See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of See also:

• KRUPP, ALFRED (1812—1887)

Krupp See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour, from II in. to 8 in. thick, tapering to 4 in. at the See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow; above this belt there is a belt of lighter armour, 6 in. thick and 245 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, forming a See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery for the 6-in . Q.F. guns, which extends to the upper deck; there are also four turrets—two large double-storeyed turrets, as in the " See also:

• KEN
• KEN, THOMAS (1637-1711)

Ken- tucky," placed one forward and one aft, and two smaller turrets, one placed on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side forward . The larger turrets carry each a pair of 12-in. guns and a pair of 8-in. guns, and are protected by a maximum thickness of u-in. armour, and the smaller carry each a pair of 8-in. guns and are protected by 61-in. armour .

In addition to the four 12-in. and eight 8-in. guns thus disposed, there are also twelve 6-in. guns on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main deck and some See also:

• FORTY

forty-two smaller guns . Machinery of 19,000 I.H.P. was provided for a.speed of 19 knots, and both were exceeded on the trials of the vessels . They carry 900 tons coal on the trial draught, and when fully loaded with 1900 tons of coal have a draught of 26 ft . This comparatively shallow draught is a distinctive feature of all the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• UNITED

United States See also:

• BATTLE

battle-See also:

• SHIPS

ships, but in later years a notable increase of draught was accepted . Between the " Kearsarge " and the " Georgia " were built in 1896–1898 the " See also:

• ALABAMA

Alabama," " See also:

• ILLINOIS

Illinois " (fig . 66, See also:

• PLATE

Plate XVI.), and " See also:

• WISCONSIN (known as " the Badger' state ")
• WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF

Wisconsin," somewhat similar to the " Kearsarge," carrying four 13-in. guns and fourteen 6-in. guns, and in 1899–1901 the second " See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine," the " See also:

• MISSOURI

Missouri " and " See also:

• OHIO

Ohio," which more nearly'resembled the " Georgia," as they carried 12-in. guns for their main armament . The " Georgia " class was followed by two much larger vessels the " See also:

• CONNECTICUT

Connecticut and " See also:

• LOUISIANA

Louisiana," laid down in 1903; they were 450 ft. long, 76 ft. to in. beam, 17,600 tons displacement and 24 ft . 6 in. draught-when loaded with 900 tons coal, and 26 ft . 9 in. draught when loaded with full See also:

• COMPLEMENT (Lat. complementum, from complere, to fill up)

complement of See also:

• AMMUNITION

ammunition and stores and 2200 tons coal; and they marked a See also:

• GREAT

great advance in fighting See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . While retaining four 12-in. guns for. the main armament, they carried eight 8-in. and twelve 7-in. guns as a secondary armament, and they were well protected, guns and armour being arranged as shown in fig . 67 . Engines of 16,500 I.H.P. were provided for a speed of 18 knots, and both were considerably exceeded on trial .

In these and later American vessels tall towers of open lattice-See also:

• WORK

work, somewhat resembling the Eiffel See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower, were fitted instead of hollow See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel masts for supporting See also:

• SIGNAL

signal and See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control arrangements . . 901 While the vessels of the " Connecticut " class were See also:

• BUILDING

building in 1904, two other very similar but smaller essels, the " See also:

• IDAHO

Idaho "and " See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi," were also laid down, of 13,000 tons with reduced armament and armour and less speed . The first two American " Dreadnoughts," the " See also:

• MICHIGAN
• MICHIGAN, LAKE
• MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Michigan " and " See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Carolina," were laid down in 1906; they are 450 ft. long, 8o ft . 3 in. beam, displacement 16,000 tons and draught 24 ft . 6 in. when carrying 900 tons of coal, increasing to 17,620 tons and 27 ft. draught when fully loaded . Engines of 16,500 I.H.P. are provided for 18.5 knots, and the armament consists of eight 12-in. guns mounted in four pairs, two pairs forward and two pairs aft, all on the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle line and arranged so that the guns of the second pair sweep over the turrets of the adjacent pair nearer the extremities of the See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel; an See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-torpedo. See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat armament of twenty-two 14-pdr. guns is provided, but no secondary armament . The sides and barbettes are protected by 8 in. to 12 in. of armour, the belt armour tapering to 4 in. at the bow and stern . In 1907 the " See also:

• DELAWARE

Delaware " and " See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Dakota " were laid down ; the See also:

• SIZE

size of the vessels was increased to 20,000 tons in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to carry 12-in. and 14-in. guns behind armour from 12 in. to 8 in. in thickness and obtain a speed of 21 knots, and they are 510 ft. long, 85 ft. beam, 26 ft. to in. mean draught . Ten 5-in, guns are carried on the main deck behind 5-in. armour, two are carried on the main deck forward and two aft, in casemates . See also:

• CURTIS, GEORGE TICKNOR (1812-1894)
• CURTIS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1824-1892)

Curtis turbines are fitted in the'" North Dakota" and reciprocating engines of the latest type in the " Delaware "; the boilers provided on each See also:

• SHIP

ship are for 25,000 I.H.P.; on trial the " Delaware " See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed 28,578 I.H.P. and recorded a speed of 21.56 knots, while the " North Dakota "reached 31,826 H.P. and 22.25 knots . I See also:

• PARSONS
• PARSONS (or PERSONS), ROBERT (1546-161o)
• PARSONS, THEOPHILUS (1750-1813)

Parsons turbines were adopted for the four battleships next laid down . The first two, the " See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida " and " See also:

• UTAH

Utah," commenced in 1909, are very similar to the " Delaware," but of 21,825 tons displacement and 28 ft .

6 in. mean draught . The second pair, the " See also:

• ARKANSAS

Arkansas " and " See also:

• WYOMING

Wyoming," begun in 1910, are of much greater displacement, viz., 26,000 tons; 8100 tons greater than the " Dreadnought " and 3500 tons greater than the " See also:

• ORION
• ORION (or OARION)

Orion." They are 554 ft. long, while a beam of 93 ft. and the same mean draught of 28 ft . 6 in. have been accepted . Turbines of 33,000 H.P. are provided for a speed of 20.5 knots, four propellers being fitted as in H.M.S . " Dreadnought." The coal to be carried on trial has been in-creased to '165o tons, in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the two tons in preceding vessels . Twelve 12-in. and twenty-one 5-in. guns are carried and See also:

• VANADIUM

vanadium steel armour of 8-in. to I1-in. thickness is fitted on sides and barbettes, associated with protective decks of increased thickness . Six pairs of 12-in. guns are carried, all on the middle line; the foremost pair is 34 ft. above the designed load-line, the second pair 40 ft., and the third pair 32 ft.; the aftermost guns are 25 ft. above water, the next forward 32 ft. and the third pair from stern again at a height of 25 ft . Twenty-one 5-in, anti-torpedo-boat guns are carried, and the complement of See also:

• OFFICERS

officers and men has reached the high See also:

• TOTAL

total of 1 too . The main armament of the later vessels, " New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York " and " See also:

• TEXAS

Texas," is composed of ten 14-in. instead of twelve 12-in. guns, and the displacement is increased to 27,000 tons and the H.P. to 35,000 . See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany.—In 1885 Germany had one first-class battleship, the See also:

• KONIG, KARL RUDOLPH (1832-1901)

Konig Wilhelm," of 9567 tons displacement, and four smaller vessels, the " See also:

• BADEN
• BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF

Baden, Bayern, Sachsen and " See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg, of 7400 tons each . The " Kaiser " and " Deutschland," central-battery ships designed by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• REED
• REED, ANDREW (1787-1862)
• REED, ISAAC (1742—1807)
• REED, JOSEPH (1741—1785)
• REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839—1902)

Reed, and two turret ships, the '` Preussen " and " F. der See also:

• GROSSE, JULIUS WALDEMAR (1828—1902)

Grosse," followed shortly afterwards . The " Kaiser " and " Deutschland " were 285 ft. in length, had a displacement of 7600 tons, 8000 I.H.P. and 143 knots speed; were armed with eight 22-ton guns and one 18-ton See also:

• GUN

gun, and had side armour of a maximum thickness of to in .

The vessels of the Preussen " class were See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-going ships of thg " Monarch " type, 308 ft. in length and of 6750 tons displacement and 14 knots speed, with belt armour of a maximum thickness of 91 in. and turret armour 84 in. thick . In 1891 an advance was made by laying down the " See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg " class of 9901 tons, carrying six 11-in. guns in three barbettes, one forward and one aft, and one on the middle line amidships . They were followed by the five first-class battleships of the " Kaiser "class, the last of which, the " Kaiser See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich III." (fig . 70, Plate XVI.), was finished in 1900 . They are of 10,900 tons displacement, length 377 ft., beam 66 ft. to in., draught 25 ft . 9 in., 13,000 I.H.P. and 18 knots speed . They have belts of Krupp steel extending from the after 3"0.- . 3'QS 3'Q.I . /sag's .. " Rhode See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island " and " See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia ") . 24 902 See also:

• BARBETTE (Fr. diminutive of barbe, a beard)

barbette to the See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem, with a maximum thickness of 12 in., tapering to 6 in at the bow; there is no side armour above this belt . The main armament consists of four 9.4-in. guns, placed in pairs in barbettes, one forward and one aft, protected by 10-in. armour .

On the main deck they have four 5.9-in . Q.F. guns in 6-in. armoured casemates, two on each side; and on the upper deck they have eight similar guns, protected in like manner, and six others in turrets—three each side; in all, eighteen 5.9-in. guns, besides twelve 3.5-in. and smaller guns . There are five vessels of the " See also:

• WITTELSBACH

Wittelsbach ' class, a development of the " Kaiser Friedrich See also:

• ILL

Ill."; they are 7.o tons more displacement, .15 ft. longer and Ia ft. more beam, out are of shallower draught . They have engines of 15,000 H.P. and a speed of 19 knots, or a See also:

• KNOT
• KNOT (O.E. cnotta, from a Teutonic stem knutt; cf. " knit," and Ger. knoten)

knot more than their predecessors . Their armament is the same, but the 9.4-in. guns are better protected . The main armour belt is somewhat longer, but in other respects the thicknesses and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general disposition of the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection are similar to the " Kaiser Friedrich III." class . In the next five vessels, the " Braunschweig " class, laid down in 1901—1902, the 9.4-in. guns were replaced by II-in. guns for the main armament; and the eighteen 5.9-in. guns were replaced by fourteen 6.7-in. guns for the secondary armament . The displacement was increased to 12,988 tons, the speed of 18 knots was maintained, and the armour protection practically as in the preceding [WAR VESSELS thick, extending from the after turret to the bow; she had also a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short armoured battery on the main deck which enclosed the See also:

• FUNNEL (through an O. Fr. founil, found in Breton, from Lat. infundibulum, that through which anything is poured, from fundere, to pour)

funnel uptakes . There were eight turrets on her upper deck—one forward and one aft, each carrying two 12-in, guns, and six arranged three on each See also:

• BROADSIDE

broadside, each carrying a 6.4-in. gun . The armour of the larger turrets was of the same thickness as the armour belt, namely, I t and that of the smaller turrets 5 in . She mounted eight 3.9-in. guns on the superstructure, and also had twenty-two smaller guns and four torpedo tubes, of which two were submerged . She had triple screws, engines of 16,00o I.H.P. and a speed of 18 knots .

The " Republique," laid down in 1901, and the " Patrie," laid down in 1902, were See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior in speed and armament to any See also:

• BRITISH

British battle-ships then building . They had a displacement of 14,865 tons, and were of 439 ft. length, 79 ft . 6 in. beam and 27 ft . 6 in. extreme draught . They had three screws, and a nominal I.H.P. of 17,500 for a speed of 18 knots; but on trial these were considerably exceeded, the " Patrie " See also:

• REPORTING

reporting 19,000 I.H.P. and 19.47 knots . They carried four 12-in . B.L. guns in pairs in turrets on the middle line, as in the British ships, twelve 6.4-in . Q.F. guns in pairs in turrets on the upper deck, six additional 6.4 in . Q.F. guns in casemates on the main deck, twenty-six 3-pdrs., three above-water and two sub-merged torpedo tubes . There was a complete water-line belt of a maximum thickness of 12 in., the bow was protected by 4-in. armour and there was a partral 4 -in. belt above the 12-in, belt . The See also:

• PRO

pro- tective deck was 4 in. thick on the slopes, and the armour of the main turrets See also:

• ILI

Ili in., the whole armour being of See also:

• HARVEY
• HARVEY, GABRIEL (c. 1545-1630)
• HARVEY, SIR GEORGE (1806-1876)
• HARVEY, WILLIAM (1578—1657)

Harvey quality . Four later vessels of the class, "See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice," "Democratie," " Liberte " and " write," were given a still more powerful second- ary armament of 7.6-in. guns six placed in well-protected turrets at a great height above water, and four in casemates be- tween decks .

Six vessels, the "See also:

• CONDORCET, MARIE JEAN ANTOINE NICOLAS CARITAT, MARQUIS DE (1743-1794)

Condorcet," "See also:

• DANTON, GEORGE JACQUES (1759-1794)

Danton" (fig.72), " See also:

• DIDEROT, DENIS (1713-1784)

Diderot," " See also:

• MIRABEAU, ANDRE BONIFACE LOUIS RIQUETI, VICOMTE DE (1754-1792)
• MIRABEAU, HONORS GABRIEL RIQUETI, COMTE DE (1749-1791)
• MIRABEAU, VICTOR RIQUETI, MARQUIS DE (1715-1789)

Mirabeau," " Ver- gniaud" and "See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire, "were laid down in 1907 . All had Parsons turbines of 22,500 H.P. for a speed of 19.25 knots, and their main armament consisted of four 12-in. and twelve 9.4-in, guns, as shown in fig . 72 . The later See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French ships " See also:

• COURBET, GUSTAVE (1819-1877)

Courbet " and " See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• BART, JEAN (1651-1702)

Bart " carry twelve 12- in. guns in six pairs, two for- See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward and two aft on the middle line, one pair training over the other, and one pair on each side amidships as in " Dreadnought." They are of 23,000 tons displace- ment and 20 knots speed, and have an anti-torpedo boat armament of twenty-two 5.5-in. guns, all in casemates of 7-in. armour . See also:

• JAPAN

Japan--Previous to the Russo-See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese War japan had provided herself with a number of excellent battleships built in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, such as the " See also:

• FUJI (Fuji-san, Fujiyama, Fusiyama)

Fuji " of 12,450 tons, laid down at the See also:

• THAMES

Thames Ironworks in 1894, the " Hatsuse," built at See also:

• ELSWICK

Elswick, the " Asahi," built at See also:

• CLYDEBANK

Clydebank, and the " Shikishima," built at the Thames Ironworks, all of about 15,000 tons displacement and laid down in 1897–1898 . The dimensions of these vessels were: length 400 ft., beam 75 ft . 6 in., mean draught 27 ft . The I.H.P. was 15,oco, giving a speed of 18 knots . The armour-belt extended the full length of the ship at the water-line, and had a maximum thickness of 9 in.; between the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of this belt and the main deck, for a length of some 220 ft., was an upper belt 6 in. thick, which was continued by oblique bulkheads to the sides of the heavy-gun barbettes . The barbettes themselves, which were two in number, one forward and one aft, had armour 14 in. thick, and the conning-tower also was 14 in. thick . The armament consisted of four 12-in . 49-ton B.L. guns, two mounted in each barbette and loading in any position of training; fourteen 6-in .

Q.F. guns, all in 6-in. casemates, eight on the main deck and six on the upper deck; and twenty 12-pdrs., besides smaller guns and four submerged torpedo tubes . The " Mikasa," laid down at See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

Barrow in 1899, was a slight modification of the " Hatsuse " class design, being 200 tons heavier and 6 in. more in draught . The principal difference was that the eight 6-in . Q.F. guns on the main deck were increased to ten in number, and instead of being in See also:

• SEPARATE

separate casemates were in a 6-in. armoured central battery, with 2-in. divisional See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen bulkheads . The " Hatsuse " was destroyed in the war by a mine See also:

• EXPLOSION

explosion; and the Mikasa " was seriously damaged by mines . After the war she was accidentally sunk on the loth of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1905; she was, however, refloated on the 8th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1906, re-paired and recommissioned . The Japanese See also:

• FLEET

fleet in 1910 contained -1 I / ,1111111101111C Ii"~ ~ n116MIIII ll 1uh ~~C Illlii'711'Au ^`hHuNUa m .. m `nuunua~L . ~~-u'~~See also:

• IIII

IIII 111111111111! i!Illlllllllllllllllllllli III . IIIIFAuIII i' Ihlllllllllllllllllllllllll'i ,IIIIIIIIIIIIII '11!!11 IIIW' „,, „ „,, uunmmIIIN111111IIIIIIII!111111!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIILIIIIIIIIIIIIIAli711IIIIIIII111IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIUI 0 ~aIIIIIIIIIINIIIBIIIIIIIIIIYIIIIIIIIIIIilliilllllijlllllllllll ll!IIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIO'llllll llllllllllNlfs-JIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!Illuli illlllllllll ill!IIIIIIIIIIIIIII!ill!I!I~IIIIIIIIIII!ii L r 2' 2' vessels . Five vessels of the new " Deutschland " class which followed in 1903–1905 were very similar to the " Braunschweig " class . The " See also:

• NASSAU

Nassau,” the first of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German " Dreadnoughts " laid down in 1907, was 455 ft. in length and of 18,200 tons displacement, and carried an armament of twelve II-in., twelve 5.9-in. and sixteen 3.4-in. guns, had an armour belt of Krupp steel II in. to 4 in. in thickness, I.H.P . 22,000 for 19 knots and speed on trial 20.7 knots .

The " See also:

• POSEN
• POSEN (Polish Poznan)

Posen " (fig . 71, Plate XVIL), " Rheinland " and " Westfalen " of the same type were also laid down in 1907 and were built and completed for sea with extraordinary rapidity . The " Westfalen " attained 20.25 knots on trial with 26,792 H.P . The next three vessels, " Thuringen,” " Helgoland " and " Ostfriesland," laid down in 1908, are provided with twelve 12-in. guns arranged as in H.M.S . " See also:

• NEPTUNE
• NEPTUNE (Lat. NEPTUNUS)

Neptune "; they are of 22,150 tons displacement and 25,000 I.H.P. for 19.5 knots speed (probably at continuous sea speed; a measured-mile speed of about 2 knots more would doubtless be expected) ; they are protected by 12-in . Krupp steel armour; their dimensions are: length 489 ft., beam 98 ft., draught 27 ft . 6 in . The vessels laid down in 1910 were said to be still larger . See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France.—For many years the French designers favoured the placing of the four heavy guns of their battleships in separate barbettes—a 12-in. gun at each end and a 10.8-in. gun on each side of the vessel amidships, intermediate positions being arranged for the smaller guns . Such vessels as the " See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot," " See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Martel," " See also:

• JAUREGUIBERRY, JEAN BERNARD (1815-1887)

Jaureguiberry," " See also:

• MASSENA, ANDRE, or ANDREA

Massena," " See also:

• BOUVET, FRANCOIS JOSEPH (1753—1832)

Bouvet " approximating to 12,000 tons displacement, and built in the 'nineties, were so arranged . These were followed by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of vessels in which the 12-in. gun alone was accepted for the main armament, and two pairs were fitted, one forward and one aft as in British vessels; the " Gaulois," " See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne" " St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis " and "Suffren " were so arranged . The " Suffren, ' commenced in 1899 (displacement 12,728 tons, length 410 ft., beam 70 ft. and draught 27 ft .

6 in.), had a complete water-line belt of Harveyized steel armour of III in. maximum thickness, and above this, up to the main deck, similar armour, 5 in . 904 " Dreadnought," but laid down 21 years earlier; she carries four 122-in. and fourteen 8-in. guns as well as twelve 4.7-in. guns arranged as shown in fig . 75, from which it will be seen that an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to protect almost the whole of the vessel above water with armour varying from 81 in. to 3 in. in thickness . Engines of 17,600 I.H.P. are provided for 18 knots speed . A See also:

• SISTER

sister vessel, " Andrei Pervoz- II vanni," was also laid down in 1903, but neither vessel was completed in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to take See also:

• PART

part in the war . In 1909 four vessels were laid down, which were again larger than any then building for any other power, viz. the " See also:

• SEVASTOPOL, or SEBASTOPOL

Sevastopol," " See also:

• PETROPAVLOVSK

Petropavlovsk," " Gangut and " See also:

• POLTAVA

Poltava," of 23,000 tons displacement, with Parsons turbines of 42,000 H.P. for 23 knots speed, 600 ft. long, 89 ft. beam, 27 ft . 3 in. draught, protected by u-in. armour, armed with twelve 12-in. and sixteen 4.7-in. guns, the 12-in. guns being carried in four three-gun turrets placed at considerable distances apart on the middle line . See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy.—The See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• NAVY

navy has always contained interesting vessels embodying the See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent thought and skill of her own designers . The " Duilio," launched in 1876, and the " See also:

• DANDOLO
• DANDOLO, VINCENZO, COUNT (1758-1819)

Dandolo," launched in 1878, were 340 ft. in length, 10,400 tons displacement, and carried four See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo-ton M.L. rifled guns, mounted in two turrets and capable of penetrating 22.7 in. of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron at 1000 yds . They had a central citadel 107 ft. in length, pro- tected by 211 in. of steel armour, with 18-in. armour on the turrets . Their engines were of 7900 I.H.P., giving a speed of 15 knots . In the " Italia " and " See also:

• LEPANTO

Lepanto," launched in 188o and 1883 respectively, side armour was dispensed with, a curved 3-in. armour deck, with its sides 51 ft. below the water-line, being fitted from stem to stern, with armour See also:

• GLACIS

glacis protection to the funnel openings, &c., in this deck; they carried four too-ton See also:

• BREECH (common in early forms to Teutonic languages)

breech-loading guns mounted in two barbettes arranged so as to permit all four guns to fire ahead, astern or on either broadside as in " Inflexible ; their displacement was 13,500 tons, their length 400 ft., and they had engines of 18,000 1 H.P. designed to give a speed of 18 knots .

They were followed by three of the " See also:

• ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea See also:

• DORIA, ANDREA (1466-156o)

Doria ' class of t i,000 tons, launched in 1884 and 1885, armed with four lo5-ton breech-loaders, and protected by an i8-in . belt of See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound armour; and by the " Re Umberto," " Sicilia " and " Sardegna " of 13,250 tons, launched 1888 to 1891, and armed with four 67-ton B.L. guns having a penetration of 27 in. of iron at moo yds . In 1897 Italy launched the second-class battleships Amniiraglio di See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Bon " and the " Emanuele Filiberto " of 980o tons and 18 knots speed, carrying four 10-in., eight 6-in. and eight[WAR VESSELS 4.7-in. guns and armoured with to-in. to 4-in. armour . These were followed by the " See also:

• REGINA

Regina Margherita," laid down in 1898, and the " Benedetto See also:

• BRIN, BENEDETTO (1833—1898)

Brin," laid down in 1899, two vessels of 13,426 tons displacement and 20 knots speed, of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• FREEBOARD

freeboard, carrying an armament similar to that of the" See also:

• DUNCAN
• DUNCAN, ADAM DUNCAN, 1ST VISCOUNT (1731-1804)
• DUNCAN, PETER MARTIN (1824-1891)
• DUNCAN, THOMAS (1807—1845)

Duncan " and in addition four 8-in. guns; the 12-in. guns are protected by Io-in. armour, the 6-in. guns and the ship's sides by 6-in. armour with 3-in. side plating for- ward and aft . Four very notable vessels were next laid down—the " Regina Elena " (fig . 76, Plate XVII.) and "See also:

• VITTORIO

Vittorio Emanuele III." in 1901, and the " Napoli " and " See also:

• ROMA

Roma " in 1903, each on a displacement of 12,625 tons, carrying two 12-in. and twelve 8-in. guns in turrets, as well as a large number of small See also:

• QUICK

quick-firing guns; their machinery of 20,000 I.H.P. is provided for a speed of 22 knots; their hulls are cut down, giving reduced freeboard as compared with " Benedetto Brin," and the hulls and machinery are built as lightly as possible . For several years no new design was adopted, but in 1909 the "See also:

• DANTE

Dante Alighieri " was laid down, of 18,700 tons displacement, an increase of 5o% over that of the preceding vessels . She was reported to be 492 ft. long, 79 ft. beam, carrying twelve 12-in., eighteen 4 7-in. and sixteen 3-in. guns, turbines of 30,000 H.P. being provided for a speed of 23 knots, and side armour fitted 9 in. thick amidships tapering to '6 in. forward and 41 in. aft . Three later vessels, the " See also:

• CONTE

Conte di See also:

• CAVOUR (anc. Caburrum or Forum Vibii)
• CAVOUR, CAMILLO BENSO, COUNT (1810–18.61)

Cavour," " Giulio Cesare " and " Leonardo da See also:

• VINCI, LEONARDO (1690-173o)

Vinci," are of 22,000 tons, 35,000 H.P., 23 knots, and carry thirteen 12-See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch guns . See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria.—Until quite recently Austria has made no attempt to maintain battleships of the first class . Three small battleships, the " Monarch," " See also:

• BUDAPEST

Budapest " and " Wien," were laid down in 1893-1894, of 5550 tons displacement and 171 knots speed, carrying four 9.4-in., six 6-in. and twelve 3-pdr. guns, with armour Io1 in. to 4 in. in thickness . In 1899 three larger vessels, the '' See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg ' • (fig .

77, Plate XVII.), " Arpad " and " Baben- See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

berg," were begun, of 834o tons displacement and 18 knots speed, carrying three 9.4-in., twelve 6-in. and several smaller Q.F. guns and well armoured . In 1901 it was decided to build the Erzherzog Karl Friedrich " and " See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand Max," of 10,600 tons and 19 knots, carrying four 9.4-in. and small Q.F. guns as in the " Monarch," but with the secondary armament increased to twelv n°•"u' 7uI111FI11111uF.See also:

• IIL, PP

iil~]1U111IKiiIIII11F111111111'fi!'N "mliilllLll!III1 nn1 111~ -• ... 1110ll ~7 HiiiiiI:AIIm•,ILC::":: ii1111111111111~_ 1: r~111 IIBII~K~3fllllll dm1EYIlunuuu!u!lad!nutiiiil!iiiiiiNfnulK1nl11nlnu!mmnmm l 5 n!ulu See also:

• TUN

tun!n mimHlmnmomommm!o iiEnnm!mmil mu! ilunuvni iusumuiiiiiiii ummmomo l[IDUmumu d~TiIIIINIINI!IIIIIIIIIINIdIIgNhlllllllllltlhmullulllllllllllllllilRUIIII!lulllllllulllltlmu u,imllll!111!See also:

• IIIIII, 2IIII, 221I, 222, 3111, 321, 33

IIIIII!II1111111111111111IIsIpeisjImlllllllullm11mlllullllllllllllllllIllllllllllluiIII!IIIIsIIIIIIsIIn111111111mIIIIIItlIIIIIV . 1151"';mmimrlmmllmulluulmlmr..mliu Illmmlmllulullx mmmnnumuninnunuluunxrYyaouanl nlnnlnuutlunlnunn- xulumuuumnunnlr~.y mim •:."nrMnh .amilmnumammfmmlmmmnnmunm mim Innuuluuml~Inmm~nnmmmitmmi u111umunu m mnmlmmnIMilQ11n nuns IIIIImulIIIIIrIIllImuet olnllI1nIIIIIIfhI!illilullmlli llmnllllllnllxri:!, m m is Uf ' iu' S~ ~~ ` dll!III 10' I!S Ir!?l!!,,,,Iwl„~xx.,,o•~I`x,x~ . ,W nurnum::.,l~~umiinnnu;;,, iuumY:xmm: munnllI1"1i1 u1111suuml emnn:.:Il~I,HinS7Y:Il"P'l5115I1111lt~ ' nnennunmmmaunuu Itlll I llmm~xnnnummlmmmmn11mMl.ulul Immluiefm!ulfluunlunrinmma nmm~unumnlomm~mm~uumunnuIIli I.lnfllllll 55 1.,FJL'I:Y'..tlC 1i..l1r.r 7.'.YC"':n'~.51 Iml rx•• ;1x51111 Ixlix ill I 17!iL't5li'i.. lI' ll R1'A11'.1Y1.1:III!IP Yi!Y . IIII - ,Y' . L'I~it;aRnI9ll:l1ll"lllsmll ll_.' .I!I:nIlRll!x!!lIlIlIlImIIIlIlIlIlIlIiIlIlIl!lIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlImIII!II1I1I1I1I1I'I.'IIIIinI llllIIlllllll0,4 III ~~ W..ommmila,olnlnnie~~ —.a- ------------ See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

Hull . Propulsive Machinery . Vessel . ''8'-e '4 d .a GQ o a v a I.H.P . 0 Engines . Boilers .

Armament Heavy Thickest Cost (ex- «, ^ d u 4a aA E c (including See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

Machine Guns- Armour. eluding ~ a .a El ,n Guns). where Guns) . mounted . See also:

• WARRIOR

Warrior . . 1860 Iron Ft . Ft . In . Ft . In . Tons Knots 6,000 x See also:

• HORIZONTAL

Horizontal, See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk, See also:

• JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)

jet- Io rectangular 28-7' 6k ton guns Broadside Inches £ 38o 58 0 26 7 8,83o 14'25 condensing 22 lb pressure 4i 356,693 r expansion , set of 2 cylinders; 112"X 48' See also:

• AGINCOURT (AZINCOURT)

Agincourt . 1865 „ 400 59 3 28 2 x0,690 14.8 5,000 I Horizontal, jet- Io rectangular 17-12 ton M.L.R . Broadside 58 496,069 condensing x expansion I set of 2 cylinders; I01' X 54' See also:

• BELLEROPHON, or BELLEROPHONTES

Bellerophon . 1865 „ 300 56 1 26 0 7,550 14.2 6,500 Horizontal, trunk, Rectangular 10-14 ton and Central 6 447,618 See also:

• SURFACE

surface-condensing 26 lb pressure 5-6l ton guns battery i expansion x set of 2 cylinders; 104'X48' Monarch .

. 1868 „ 330 6 z6 0 8,300 15'0 7,850 I Horizontal Rectangular 4-12' 25 ton, Turrets Turrets, ro 478,971 t expansion 314 lb pressure 2--9" 12 ton, Sides, 7 r set of 2 cylinders; 1-7' 61 ton and I20' X 54' zo small guns See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan . . . 1870 „ 325 Si o 26 I 9,300 . 14.1 7,700 I Horizontal, trunk, Rectangular 8-18 ton and Central 9 485,155 surface-condensing 3o lb pressure 4-12 ton guns battery 1 expansion I set of 2 cylinders; 118"X 54' Devastation . 1371 „ 285 62 4 27 0 9,330 i 14.2 7,000 2 Horizontal, trunk, 8 rectangular 4-12' 35 ton and Turrets Turrets, 14 430,746 surface-condensing 30 lb pressure to smaller guns Sides, II r expansion 2 torpedo tubes 2 sets of 2 cylinders; 88"X 39' Inflexible . 1876 „ 320 75 0 26 4 Ir,88o 14'0 8,000 2 See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

Vertical 8 single-ended, See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval 4- 16' 8o ton and Turrets 24 1951,406 2 expansions 4 double „ „ 8-4' 22 cwt. guns 2 sets of 3 cylinders; 6o lb pressure 4-14' torpedo 70'+2©90'X48' tubes See also:

• BENBOW, JOHN (1653-17o2)

Benbow . . 1885 Steel 330 68 6 28 0 Io,600 16.9 11,50o 2 Vertical 1,2 oval 2-161" ISO ton, Barbettes 18 774,791 2 expansions lo-6" and 2 sets of 3 cylinders; 13 smaller guns 52'+2@74'X45" 5 torpedo tubes Royal Sove- 1891 „ 380 75 o 27 6 14,150 17'5, 13,000 2 Vertical 8 single-ended 4-13)' 67 ton, Barbettes 18 839,136 reign 3 expansions return See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube Io-6" and 2 sets of 3 cylinders; 148 lb pressure 38 smaller guns 40'+59'+88'X51' 7 torpedo tubes Majestic . . 1896 „ 390 75 0 27 6 14,900 17.5 12,000 2 Vertical 8 single-ended 4-12' 46 ton, Barbettes, Barbettes, 872,458 3 expansions return tube 12-6" and hooded 14 2 sets of 3 cylinders; boilers 38 smaller guns Sides, q 40'+59"+88"X43' 5-18"torpedo tubes Harveyized Formidable . 1898 „ " 400 75 o 26 g 15,000 18.0 15,000 2 Vertical 20 See also:

• BELLEVILLE

Belleville, with 4-12' 46 ton, Barbettes, Barbettes, 1,022,745 3 expansions economizers xz-6" and hooded 12 a sets of 3 cylinders; 300 lb pressure 32 smaller guns Sides, 9 250 lb pressure 4-18 "torpedo tubes Krupp 31)'+51i'+84'X51' Duncan . . 1901 „ 405 75 6 26 6 14,000 19.0 18,000 2 Vertical 24 Belleville, with 4-12', Barbettes, Barbettes, 1,023,147 3 expansions economizers x2-6" and hooded 14 2 sets of 4 cylinders; a6 smaller guns Sides, 7 33)'+54'2 +2 ©63' X 4 torpedo tubes 48' Swiftsure . . r9o3 „ 436 71 0 24 7 Ir,800 20'0 12,500 2 Vertical triple ex- See also:

• YARROW

Yarrow large tube 4-10', 14-7'5', Barbettes 10 849,474 pansion 14-14 Pr., 2-12 2 sets of 4 cylinders; pr., and 8-6 pr . 29"+47"+2©54' X and machine guns 39' See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King 1903 „ 425 78 0 26 9 16,350 15.5 18,000 2 Vertical triple ex- Babcock and Wil- 4-12', 4-9.2", Barbettes 12 1,383,845 Edward pansion See also:

• COX, DAVID (1783-1859)
• COX, JACOB DOLSON (1828-1900)
• COX, KENYON (1856– )
• COX, RICHARD (I3oo ?–1581)
• COX, SAMUEL (1826–1893)
• COX, SAMUEL HANSON (1793-1880)
• COX, SIR GEORGE WILLIAM (1827-1902)

cox and cylindrical xo-6", 14-12 pr., VII 2 sets of 4 cylinders; 17-3 pr. and 38"+60"+2©67" X machine guns 48' 4 torpedo tubes See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• NELSON
• NELSON, HORATIO NELSON, VISCOUNT (1758-1805)
• NELSON, ROBERT (s656-1715)

Nelson 1906 „ 410 79 6 27 0 16,500 18.5 16,750 2 Vertical triple ex- 1.5 Yarrow large 4-12', 10-9•2" .

Barbettes 12 1,540,889 4 pansion tube and 24-12 pr. and 2 sets of 4 cylinders; 5 machine guns 33"+53'+2@60" X 5 torpedo tubes 48' Dreadnought 1go6 „ 490 82 0 26 6 17,900 21.6 23,000 Parsons turbines Babcock and Wil- 10-12', 24-12 pr . Barbettes II 1,699,900 cox and 5 machine guns 5 torpedo tubes Imperator 1907 n 429' 9' 79 9 28 6 17,400 18•o 17,600 2 Vertical triple ex- Belleville 4-12', 14-8', Barbettes 12 1,170,000 Pavel I . pansion 12-4'7", and 14 (See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian) smaller, See also:

• LIGHT

light and machine guns 5 torpedo tubes Posen . Igo8 „ 455 88 6 26 6 18,200 205 20,000 3 (German) 3 sets 4-See also:

• CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

cylinder See also:

• SCHULTZ, HERMANN (1836- )

Schultz-Thorny- 12-1I', 12-5.9', Barbettes 12 1,800,000 vertical triple ex- See also:

• CROFT (or CROFTS), WILLIAM (1678–1727)
• CROFT, SIR HERBERT
• CROFT, SIR JAMES (d. 1590)

croft 2osmaller, light and pansion machine guns 6 torpedo tubes Vessel. u Hull . o I.H.P . Propulsive Machinery . Armament Heavy Thickest Cost d A ,5 (including Machine Guns— Armour . (excluding Q.1 Guns). where Guns) . mounted . o Engines . Boilers . v 0 Zr;.', b ' s a_a v u,; a Q ' a{ 5 s SAa g Erzherzog 1908 Steel .

Ft . Ft . In . Ft . I . Tons . Knots '20,000 2' 2 sets 4-cylinder Yarrow 4—12', 8—9'4', Barbettes Inches £ See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz 45o' 9" 8o 6 26 6 14,226 20.5 vertical triple ex- 20—3'9', 6.12 pr . 10 Ferdinand pansion and 2 machine (See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian) guns 3 torpedo tubes See also:

• MINAS [MINOIDES] (c. 1790-186o)

Minas Geraes 1908 „ 500 83 0 25 o 19,281 21.4 27,212 2 Vertical triple ex- Babcock and Wit- 12—12', 22—4'7, „ 12 1,821,400 (Brazilian) pansion cox and 8—3 C. guns Delaware , 1909 510 85 3 27 0 20,000 21.5 28,578 2 Vertical triple ex- Babcock and Wit- 10—12', 14—5', „ 11 (United pansion cox and ro smaller, States) light and machine guns 2 torpedo tubes Danton . 1909 „ 476 84 0 27 0 18,o28 19'25 22,500 4 Parsons turbines 4—12', 12—9.4”, ,, 12 2 068,000 (French) and 26 smaller, light and machine guns 2 torpedo tubes Kawachi . . Bdg . 520 84 0 27 0 20,800 20.0 26,500 4 Curtis turbines Miyabara small 12—12', 10--6', „ 12 (Japanese) in tube and 12—4'7' guns 1920 5 torpedo tubes Alfonso 435 78 9 25 6 15,460 19'5 15,300 4 Parsons turbines .Yarrow 8—12”, 20—4', „ 10 .. (See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish) .and 2 machine guns 3 torpedo tubes Moreno 578 95 9 27 6 28,000 21 39,500 .

• Curtis turbines Babcock and Wil- 12—12', 12—6' ,, 12 2,200,000 (See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine) cox 16-4”, and 10 smaller guns 2=21' torp: tubes 7i-in. guns all well protected, while the next step was to vessels of a type very similar to the " King Edward VII.” class, but of greater gun-power and higher speed, with somewhat thinner armour and smaller coal capacity . These vessels, " Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand,” Radetsky " and " Zrinigi,” were being completed in 1910 . Their arrangements of guns and armour are shown in fig . 78 . Battle-ships of far greater fighting value were in 1910 laid down by Austria; of 20,000 tons displacement, 25,0d0 H.P., and 22 'knots speed, mounting ten 12-in. guns, protected by 11-in. armour, and costing about 2TS millions See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling each . See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil.—For several years by mutual arrangement no battleships were added to the South American navies, but in 1906 Brazil ordered three vessels of 19,281 tons, 138o tons heavier than the " Dread-nought," which was not then finished; the first two of 'these carry twelve 12-in. guns in place of the ten of the " Dreadnought," and can fire ten guns on either broadside, eight ahead and eight astern; they also carry fourteen 4.7-in. guns behind 9-in. armour on the main deck, and eight behind thinner armour on the upper deck . The ship's side, barbettes and gun mountings are protected by 9-in. armour, the belt armour tapering to 4-in. forward and aft . The vessels are 500 ft. long, 83 ft. beam and 25 ft. draught; engines of 23,500 I.H.P. being provided for 21 knots . The leading vessel, the " Minas Geraes " (fig . 79, Plate XVIII.), was built at Elswick; she obtained about 211 knots on trial, and passed through all her severe gun trials with great success . Fig . 8o shows the general arrangements of guns and armour .

The second vessel, the " Sao Paulo," was built at Barrow, and was' also completed to the same design . The third vessel, the " Rio de Janeiro," which in 1910 was being built by the Elswick See also:

• FIRM

firm, .has been redesigned to be 655 ft. in length over all, 92 ft. beam and 32,000 tons displacement on a draught of 26 ft . Her armament was to be twelve i4-in. guns, with a secondary armament of fourteen 6-in. guns, an anti-torpedo armament of fourteen 4-in. guns, as well as a number of smaller guns, and three submerged torpedo tubes . She was fitted with four screws and turbines of 45,000 H.P. to drive her at 22i knots . Her cost was reported to be almost £3,000,000, and in 1910 she was by far the largest vessel on the See also:

• STOCKS

stocks . Argentine See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic.—Early in 1910 the Argentine Republic ordered two vessels, the " Moreno ' and " Rivadavia," of 28,000 tons, armed with twelve 12-in. guns, twelve 6-in. and sixteen 4-in. guns, to be built by the New York See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

Shipbuilding Co. and the Fore See also:

• RIVER

River Shipbuilding Co. respectively . Their displacement is much greater than that of the largest battleships building at the time they were ordered, although they are 4000 tops smaller than the " Rio de Janeiro." They are 578 ft. long, 96 ft. beam, 271 ft. draught, and turbines of 40,000 H.P. are provided for a speed of 221 knots . The armament is arranged somewhat as in " Minas Geraes," but with the midship barbettes arranged so that the guns can fire on either broadside, giving a fire of twelve guns on either broadside, eight ahead and eight astern . The ship's side and the heavy guns are protected by 12-in. armour, and the 6-in. guns by6-in. armour; 1600 tons of coal are carried on the load draught out of a possible 4000 tons, and there is also a large stowage for oil See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel . See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain.-For some years battleship building was suspended in Spain, but, after considerable negotiation with British firms, designs were approved for three vessels of 15,130 tons and 19i knots, to carry eight 12-in. and twenty 4-in. guns, with Io-in. armour on the barbettes, 9 in. on side tapering to 3 in. at bow and .qq. in. at, stern, and fore and aft See also:

• INTERNAL

internal bulkheads 11 in. thick for protection against torpedoes . These vessels were named " Espana," laid down in 1909, " Alfonso XIII." and " Jaime I.," in 1910 . Smaller Battleships.—At various times several of the See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers have laid down smaller battleships than those already referred to, such as the British " Conqueror " and " See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

Hero," of 6200 tons, launched in 1882 and 1888 respectively; the armoured See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

Defence ships of France, of which the " See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral Trehouart," launched 1893, of 6534 tons, 17 knots, carrying two 12-in. and eight 3.9-in. guns with good armour' protection, is a good example; the monitors of the United States named " Little See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock," &c., launched in 1900, of 3235 tons and 12 knots, carrying two 12-in. and four 4-in. guns; and the principal battleships of the lesser See also:

• EUROPEAN

European powers .

A good example of the last is the See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian armour-clad " Norge " (fig . 81, Plate XV.) . This vessel and her sister the " Eidsvold," with their predecessors " See also:

• HARALD

Harald Haarfagre " and -"" See also:

• TORDENSKJOLD, PEDER (1691-1720)

Tordenskjold," were built at Elswick for the royal Norwegian navy, and completed in 1900 . They had a displacement of 385o tons, length 290 ft., beam 5o ft . 6 in., draught 16 ft . 6 in., and with twin-See also:

• SCREW (O.E. scrue, from O. Fr. escroue, mod. ecrou; ultimate origin uncertain; the word, or a similar one, appears in Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Schraube, Dan. skrue, but Skeat, following Diaz, finds the origin in Lat. scrobs, a ditch, hole, particularl

screw engines of 4500 See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-power attained 161 knots speed . They were heavily armed with two 8-in . B.L. guns in armoured gun-houses, one at each end of the vessel; six 6-in . Q.F. guns, four mounted in 5-in. See also:

• NICKEL
• NICKEL (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.68 (0=16))

nickel steel casemates, and two in the open, with strong See also:

• SHIELDS, JAMES (181b-1879)

shields; eight I2-pdrs. and six 3-pdrs.; and two submerged torpedo tubes . The water-line was protected with 6-in . Krupp armour over a length of 170 ft., and bulkheads of the same thickness were provided at each end of the belt . These ships See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a class of vessels of small size which would prove formidable opponents to many larger armoured ships, and are especially useful for coast-defence purposes .

Table XVI. shows the development of the leading features of notable armoured battleships from the time of the " Warrior." Cruisers.—The cruiser type was primarily intended to co-operate with armour-clad fleets, in the same manner as sailing frigates did with fleets of sailing line-of-battle ships, and the earliest cruisers were modelled directly upon the frigates which preceded them, the See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences between the two being those incidental to the use of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam power and to the substitution of iron for See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood as the building material . As steam propulsion See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew in favour engines of greater power were provided, and the rig and See also:

• SAIL

sail-spread were reduced till at the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day they enabled more efficient protection to be provided with a much thinner belt than had previously been possible . The Elswick cruiser " Esmeralda " (second), built for See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile in 1895, was one of the first in which the use of side armour was revived . She was followed by other vessels of the armoured type built by the same firm for the Chilean and Japanese navies . In 1898 the " See also:

• CRESSY, HUGH PAULINUS DE (c. 1605-1674)

Cressy " class (fig . 83, Plate XXI.) was begun for the British navy, and since this date all cruisers of 9000 tons and above for the British navy have been provided with side armour . In the United States the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of armour belts of the new material for cruisers came somewhat earlier than it did in the British navy, the " See also:

• BROOKLYN

Brooklyn " (fig . 84, Plate XXII.), built in 1845, being so protected; and the development of the type has been very marked in See also:

• RECENT

recent years, the tendency being to go to larger displacements, in order to provide greater protection and heavier armaments, with each new class of vessel . Indeed, the first-class armoured cruiser of 1910 might be very well described as a high-speed battleship . In the British navy, as might be expected, the demand for vessels to meet the varied and diverse re- quirements that necessarily arise in a fleet of such magnitude has led to the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of a number of types, each adapted to its own See also:

• SPECIAL

special duties . They may be classified as (1) unprotected cruisers; (2) protected cruisers of first, second and third classes; and (3) armoured cruisers . Unprotected cruisers have neither side armour nor other • protection of Guns and Armour of " Minas Geraes.' against loss of buoyancy ' from classes had been given a partial protective deck, the EIswick- 1 injury by shot and See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell: Protected cruisers have no side or vertical armour, but they have horizontal arthour.- decks with" strong sloping sides in the vicinity of the water-line, upon which coal 19 carried in minutely divided bunker compartments .

Armoured cruisers have side or vertical armour in addition to protective decks . Each of these classes includes a number of See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of sister ships,- but ' we 'shall confine ourselves to describing the main features, of a representative ship in a few of the most important groups . The protected cruiser of See also:

• MEDIUM

medium displacement affords a convenient starting-point, as the latest vessels of this type in 1910 were of about the same displacement as the largest first- Second-class cruisers of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years before, and a comparison of class representative ships of these classes illustrates the great cruisers. advances made in thirty years in ships of approximately the same size; while a further comparison of these second-class cruisers (as the vessels of medium displacement are styled) with the first-class protected cruisers and the armoured cruisers of the present day shows the growth in size and power of the largest See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units of the cruiser type during the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . It should, however, be noted that while some second-class cruisers reached such a displacement (5600 tons) as to allow of this comparison being made, the great bulk of the vessels of this class were smaller . The " See also:

• MERSEY

Mersey " is an early example of a vessel of this class which has seen • considerable service . Begun in 1883, her principal dimensions are: length Soo ft., beam 46 ft., mean draught about 20 ft., and displacement 4050 tons Protection to the vitals of the ship is provided for by means of a have entirely disappeared . When the final adoption of iron led to the remodelling of the details of construction by Sir E . J . Reed, the new See also:

• SYSTEM

system of construction was applied to the cruisers of the day, but no attempt was made till much later to give these cruisers any protection, nor was the question of their armament given the importance which it afterwards came to have . Lord See also:

• ARMSTRONG, ARCHIBALD (d. 1672)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1709-1779)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1758—1843)
• ARMSTRONG, SAMUEL CHAPMAN (1839—1893)