JAMES

See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• JAMES WARD (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

WARD (1843– )  , English psychologist and meta-physician, was born at Hull on the 27th of January 1843 . He was educated at the Liverpool Institute, at Berlin and Gottingen, and at Trinity College, Cambridge; he also worked in the physiological laboratory at Leipzig . He studied originally for the Congregational ministry, and for a year was minister of Emmanuel Church, Cambridge . Subsequently he devoted himself to psychological research, became fellow of his college in 1875 and university professor of mental philosophy in 1897 . He was Gifford lecturer at Aberdeen in 1895–1897, and at St Andrews in 1908-191o . His work shows the influence of Leibnitz and Lotze, as well as of the biological theory of evolution . His psychology marks the definite break with the sensationalism of the English school; experience is interpreted as a continuum into which distinctions are gradually introduced by the action of selective attention; the implication of the subject in experience is emphasized; and the operation in development of subjective, as well as natural, selection is maintained . In his metaphysical work the analysis of scientific concepts leads to a criticism of naturalism and of dualism, and to a view of reality as a unity which implies both subjective and objective factors . This view is further worked out, through criticism of pluralism and as a theistic interpretation of the world, in his St Andrews Gifford Lectures (the Realm of Ends) . Beside the article " Psychology " in the Ency . Brit . (9th, loth and 11th ed.) he has published Naturalism and Agnosticism (1899, 3rd ed .

1907), besides numerous articles in the

Journal of Physiology, Mind, and the British Journal of Psychology .