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LESTER FRANK WARD (1841– )

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Originally appearing in Volume V28, Page 320 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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LESTER See also:

FRANK See also:WARD (1841– )  , See also:American geologist and sociologist, was See also:born in See also:Joliet, See also:Illinois, on the 18th of See also:June 1841 . He graduated at Columbian (now See also:George See also:Washington) University in 1869 and from the See also:law school of the same university in 1871, his See also:education having been delayed by his service in the See also:Union See also:army during the See also:Civil See also:War . In 1865–1872 he was employed in the See also:United States See also:Treasury See also:Department, and became assistant geologist in 1881 and geologist in 1888 to the U.S . See also:Geological Survey . In 1884–1886 he was See also:professor of See also:botany in Columbian University . He wrote much on paleobotany, including A See also:Sketch of Paleobotany (1885), The See also:Geographical See also:Distribution of Fossil See also:Plants (1888) and The Status of the Mesozoic Floras of the United States (1905) . He is better known, however, for his See also:work in See also:sociology, in which, modifying See also:Herbert See also:Spencer and refuting the Spencerian See also:individualism, he paralleled social with psychological and See also:physical phenomena . His more important See also:works are: Dynamic Sociology (1883, 2nd ed . 1897), Psychic Factors of See also:Civilization (1897), Outlines of Sociology (1898), Sociology and See also:Economics (1899), Pure Sociology (1903), and, with J . Q . Dealy, See also:Text-See also:Book of Sociology (19o5) . See an appreciation by L .

Gumplowicz, in See also:

Die Zeit (See also:Vienna, loth Aug . 1904) ; reprinted in See also:English in vol. x. of The American See also:Journal of Sociology .

End of Article: LESTER FRANK WARD (1841– )
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