WASHINGTON  , the most See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America . It lies between latitudes 45° 32' and 49° N. and between longitudes 116° 57' and 124° 48' W . On the N. it is bounded by See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• COLUMBIA

Columbia, along the 49th parallel as far W. as the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the Strait of See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia and then down the middle of this strait and See also:

• HARO, CLAMEUR DE

Haro Strait, and along the middle of the channel the Strait of Juan de Fuca, which See also:

• SEPARATE

separate it from See also:

• VANCOUVER
• VANCOUVER, GEORGE (c. 1758-1798)

Vancouver See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island; on the E. the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south portion of its boundary is the Snake See also:

• RIVER

river, which separates it from See also:

• IDAHO

Idaho, but from the confluence of the Snake and Clearwater See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers (a little W. of 117°) the E. boundary See also:

• LINE

line between Washington and Idaho runs directly N.; on the S. the Columbia river separates it from See also:

• OREGON

Oregon from the mouth of that river to the point of the upper intersection with the 46th parallel of N. See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude, but from thence eastward the S. boundary line between Washington and Oregon is the 46th parallel; on the W. the state is bounded by the Pacific Ocean . The state has a maximum length, from E. to W., of 36o m. and a maximum width of 240 m.; See also:

• AREA

area, 69,127 sq. m., of which 2291 sq. m. are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—The western See also:

• HALF

half of Washington lies in the Pacific Mountains See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, consisting of the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast range and the Cascade range, separated by a broad See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin known as the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound Valley The eastern half of the state is occupied in the north by a westward See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the Rocky Mountains, and in the centre and south by the north-western portion of the Columbia See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

Plateau province . The most prominent physical feature of the state is the Cascade See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain range, which with a N.N.E. and S.S.W. trend crosses the state 30 to 40 M . W. of the middle . On the S. border this mountain range occupies a See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract about 50 M. in width, and to the northward it widens to Too m. or more . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general height of the ridges and peaks is about 8000 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, but there are five See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-capped volcanoes which equal or exceed 10,000 ft . These are See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Rainier or See also:

• TACOMA

Tacoma (14,363 ft.), Mount See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams (12,470 ft.), Mount See also:

• BAKER, HENRY (1698-1774)
• BAKER, SIR BENJAMIN (1840-1907)
• BAKER, SIR RICHARD (1568-1644/5)
• BAKER, SIR SAMUEL WHITE (1821-1893)
• BAKER, THOMAS (1656-1740)
• BAKER, VALENTINE [BAKER PASHA] (1827-1887)

Baker (10,827 ft.), See also:

• GLACIER
• GLACIER (adopted from the French; from glace, ice, Lat. glacies)

Glacier See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak (10,436 ft.) and Mount St Helens (To,000 ft.) . Glaciers are See also:

• COMMON

common both in the N. and in the S. region, even on the higher elevations . Both slopes of the Cascades are cut deep by valleys .

Along the Pacific Coast the ridges of the Coast range are only about 1500 ft. in height in the S. See also:

• PART

part of the state, but they rise northward in the Olympic Mountains and reach a maximum of See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation on Mount See also:

• OLYMPUS

Olympus of 815o ft . The Olympics meet the ocean along a rather straight line, but farther S. the coast line is broken by See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

Gray's See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

Harbour and Willapa See also:

• BAY

Bay, the drowned See also:

• LOWER

lower portions of river valleys . The upheaval of the Cascade Mountains on the E. and the Olympic Mountains and Coast range on the W. See also:

• LEFT

left between them the See also:

• PUGET, PIERRE (1622-1694)

Puget Sound Basin, the gently sloping sides of which descend in the central portion to less than See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo ft. from sea-level . A still greater subsidence farther north produced Puget Sound . See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East of the Cascade Mountains the Columbia and See also:

• SPOKANE

Spokane rivers See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the boundary between the Okanogan See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

Highlands to the northward and the Columbia plateau to the southward . The Okanogan Highlands, an outlier of the Rocky Mountains extending westward from the Coeur d'Alene Mountains in Idaho, reach heights of 5000 to 6000 ft. above the sea, but are characterized by See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle slopes, rounded divides and wide stream basins . In some of the larger valleys there are glacial terraces . The Columbia plateau consists of See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal beds of See also:

• LAVA

lava having a See also:

• TOTAL

total thickness of several thousand feet, and its surface has a general elevation of woo to 2000 ft. above sea-level . See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West of the Columbia river the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain is broken by several monoclinal ridges rising 2000 to 3000 ft. above it and extending eastward 5o to 75 M. from the foothills of the Cascades . In some parts, especially (in See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas and See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant counties) within the Big See also:

• BEND

Bend of the Columbia, the plain is frequently cut by coulees, or abandoned river channels, some of them 500 to 600 ft. deep and with very precipitous walls . The See also:

• GRAND

Grand Coulee represents the course of the Columbia river during the glacial See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, when its See also:

• REGULAR

regular channel was blocked with See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice . There are also deep canyons which have been cut by the rivers in their See also:

• PRESENT

present courses, especially by the Snake river and its tributaries .

The S.W. corner of the state is occupied by the See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue Mountains, which rise about 7000 ft. above the sea and are cut deep by canyons . About 1',ono sq. m. in Washington have a minimum elevation exceeding 3000 ft.; an approximately equal area has a maximum elevation less than 500 ft., and the mean elevation of the entire state is 1700 ft . The Okanogan Highlands, the Columbia plain, the E. slope of the Cascade Mountains and the S. portion of the Puget Sound Basin are drained by the Columbia and its tributaries . This large river enters the N.E. corner of the state from the N., traverses it in a winding course from N. to S., forms the greater portion of its S. boundary, and discharges into the Pacific Ocean . The Snake (in tt the S.E., a little W. of the 119th parallel), the Spokane (in the east central part) and the Pend Oreille (on the N. boundary) are its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal tributaries from the E.; the Yakima (a little above the mouth of the Snake) from the W.; and the Okanogan (in the north central part of the state), from the N . A portion of the Puget Sound Basin and a pertion of the Coast range are drained by the See also:

• CHEHALIS

Chehalis river, which has cut a channel through the Coast range and discharges into Gray's Harbour . The W. slope of the Cascades, most of the E. slope of the Olympics and the N. portion of the Puget Sound Basin are drained by a See also:

• GREAT

great number of small rivers into the Puget Sound; and the W. slope of the Olympics and Coast range is drained by several other small rivers into the Pacific . On the Cascade Mountains, at the heads of streams, are a number of lakes of glacial origin, the largest of which is See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Chelan on the E. slope in Chelan See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county . This is nearly 6o m. in length, and from I to 4 M. wide . At the upper end it is about 1400 ft. deep, but it is shallow at the lower end where the water is held back by a morainal See also:

• DAM

dam, and where only 3z M. from the Columbia river it is about 400 ft. above the level of the river . There are also several See also:

• ALKALI

alkali lakes er chains of alkali lakes in the coulees on the Columbia plateau . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—Many See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild animals still inhabit the state, but the number of each species has been much reduced .

The caribou, See also:

• MOOSE

moose, See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope, mountain See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

beaver, See also:

• OTTER
• OTTER (0. Eng. ate, otor, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch and Ger. Otter, Dan. odder, Swed. utter; it is to be referred to the root seen in Gr. 6&ep, water)
• OTTER, SEA

otter and See also:

• MINK

mink are scarce . Few See also:

• ELK

elk are found except in the inaccessible districts on the Olympic Mountains . See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White- and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black-tailed See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer and black See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear inhabit the densest forests . Mountain goats are quite numerous on the Cascades . The destruction of cougars, See also:

• LYNX (Lat. Lynx, Gr. airy, probably connected with X hovewv, to see)

lynx (" wildcats "), coyotes and wolves is encouraged by bounties . Coyotes and See also:

• JACK

jack-rabbits are the most numerous denizens of the Columbia plain . See also:

• MUSK (Med. Lat. muscus, late Gr. µbvXos, possibly Pers. mushk, from Sansk. mushka, the scrotum)

Musk-rats and skunks are numerous west of the Cascades . The blue See also:

• GROUSE

grouse and See also:

• PARTRIDGE (Du. Patrijs, Fr. perdrix, from Lat. perdix, apparently onomatopoeic from the call of the bird)
• PARTRIDGE, JOHN BERNARD (1861– )
• PARTRIDGE, WILLIAM ORDWAY (1861– )

partridge are the principal See also:

• GAME

game birds . The See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage-See also:

• HEN

hen is common on the Columbia plain . The See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese See also:

• PHEASANT

pheasant and the See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California See also:

• GRAIL (formerly KAREL)
• GRAIL, THE HOLY

grail have increased in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the state . Among other game birds are See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

prairie-chickens, ducks, geese, See also:

• SWAN (A. S. swan and swan, Icel. svanr, Du. zwaart, Ger. Schwan)
• SWAN, J
• SWAN, JOHN MACALLAN (1847-1910)
• SWAN, SIR JOSEPH WILSON (1828– )

swan, See also:

• BRANT, JOSEPH (1742-1807)
• BRANT, SEBASTIAN (1457-1521)

brant, sandhill See also:

• CRANE (in Dutch, Kraan; O. Ger. Kraen; cognate, as also the Lat. grus, and consequently the Fr. grue and Span. grulla, with the Gr. dpavos)
• CRANE, STEPHEN (1870-1900)
• CRANE, WALTER (1845– )
• CRANE, WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )

crane and See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe . The speckled See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout, which abounds in nearly all of the mountain streams and lakes, is the principal game See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish .

Other See also:

• FRESHWATER

freshwater fish are the See also:

• PERCH (through Fr. from Lat. perca, Gr. 7rEpKo; the last word is connected with 2repev6r, dark-coloured, spotted)
• PERCH (through Fr. perche from Lat. pertica, a pole or rod used for measurement)

perch, black See also:

• BASS
• BASS (the same word as " base," and so pronounced, but influenced in spelling by the Ital. basso)

bass, See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

pike, pickerel and white fish . There are large quantities of See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon in the lower Columbia river, in Gray's and Willapa harbours, and in Puget Sound; See also:

• OYSTER

oyster See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries in Gray's and Willapa harbours and in Puget Sound; See also:

• COD

cod, perch, flounders, See also:

• SMELT (Osmerus eperlanus; Fr. eperlan; Scotch sparling or spirling)

smelt, See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring and sardines in these and other See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters . For all the more desirable game a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season has been established by the state . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The Puget Sound Basin and the neighbouring slopes of the Cascade and Olympic Mountains are noted for their forests, consisting mainly of See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant Douglas See also:

• FIR

fir or Oregon See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine (Pseudotsuga Douglasit), but containing also some See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar, spruce and See also:

• HEMLOCK (in O. Eng. hemlic or hymlice; no cognate is found in any other language, and the origin is unknown)

hemlock, a smaller See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of a few other species and a dense under-growth . Near the Pacific Coast the forests consist principally of hemlock, cedar and See also:

• SITKA (formerly New Archangel)

Sitka spruce . At an elevation of about 3000 ft. on the W. slope of the Cascades the red fir ceases to be the dominant See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, and between this elevation and the region of perpetual snow, on a few of the highest peaks, rise a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of See also:

• FOREST

forest zones containing principally: (1) yellow pine, red and yellow fir, white fir and cedar; (2) lodgepole pine, white pine, Engelmann spruce and See also:

• YEW (Taxus baccata)

yew; (3) subalpine fir, lovely fir, See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble fir, Mertens hemlock, See also:

• ALASKA

Alaska cedar and tamarack; (4) white-bark pine, See also:

• PATTON, FRANCIS LANDEY (1843- )

Patton hemlock, alpine See also:

• LARCH (from the Ger. Larche, M.H.G. Lerche, Lat. larix)

larch and creeeping See also:

• JUNIPER

juniper . See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

Deciduous trees and shrubs are represented in western Washington by comparatively small numbers of See also:

• MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

maple, See also:

• ALDER

alder, See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, cottonwood, See also:

• WILLOW (Salix)

willow, ash, See also:

• ASPEN

aspen, See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch, See also:

• DOGWOOD (i.e. wood of the dog-tree; referred by the New English Dictionary to " dog," apparently as indicating inferiority; but by others connected with " (lag," " dagger," and by Prior with A.S. dolt, a brooch-pin)

dogwood, See also:

• SUMACH

sumach, thornapple, wild See also:

• CHERRY

cherry, chokecherry, See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder, See also:

• HUCKLEBERRY

huckleberry, blueberry,) See also:

• BLACKBERRY, or BRAMBLE

blackberry, See also:

• RASPBERRY

raspberry, See also:

• GOOSEBERRY

gooseberry and See also:

• GRAPE

grape . The E. slope of the Cascades and most of the Okanogan Highlands are clothed with See also:

• LIGHT

light forests consisting chiefly of yellow pine, but containing also Douglas fir, cedar, larch, tamarack and a very small amount of oak . In the eastern part of the Okanogan High-lands there is some western white pine, and here, too. larch is most abundant . The Columbia plain is for the most part treeless and, except where irrigated, grows principally bunch-grass or, in its lower and more arid parts, sagebrush . In the forest regions of eastern Washington the underbrush is light, but See also:

• GRASSES

grasses and a great variety of flowering See also:

• PLANTS

plants abound . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—In western Washington, where the ocean greatly influences the temperature and the mountains condense the moisture of vapour-bearing winds, the climate is equable and moist .

Eastern Washington, too, usually has a mild temperature, but occasionally some regions in this part of the state are visited by a See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental extreme, and as the winds from the ocean lose most of their moisture in passing over the Cascades, the climate is either dry or arid according to elevation . Along the coast the temperature is rarely above 92° F. or below 1o° F.; the mean temperature for See also:

• JULY

July is about 60°, for See also:

• JANUARY

January 40°, and for the entire See also:

• YEAR

year 5o° . In the Puget Sound Basin an occasional See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold east See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind during a dry period in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter causes the temperature to fall below zero . At See also:

• CENTRALIA

Centralia, in the Chehalis Valley, the temperature has risen as high as tot° . But the mean temperature for January is 34° in the N. portion of the basin and 4o° in the S. portion; for July it is 6o° in the north and 650 in the south; and for the entire year it is 46° in the north and 52° in the south . During See also:

• APRIL

April and See also:

• OCTOBER

October the temperatures in eastern Washington are nearly the same as those in western Washington, but during July the temperatures in eastern Washington are subject to a range from 44o` to 11o°, and during January from 65° to 30° . However, the climate is so dry in eastern Washington that the " sensible " See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations are much less than those recorded by the thermometer . In the south-eastern counties the winters are mild, with the exception of an occasional cold period, and the summers are hot . The rainfall on the W. slope of the Olympic, Coast range and Cascade Mountains is from 6o to 120 in. annually, and in the Puget Sound Basin it is from 25 to 6o in., it being least on the N.E. or leeward See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Olympics . About three-fourths of the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain in western Washington falls during the wet season from See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November to April inclusive . On the Okanogan High-lands, on the eastern foothills of the Cascade Mountains, on the Blue Mountains and on the elevated portion of the Columbia Plain which comprises the E. border counties, the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rainfall and melted snow amount to from 12 to 24 in., but in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern half of eastern Washington the Columbia river flows through a wide See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low elevation, where the rainfall and melted snow amount to only 6 to 12 in. a year, and where there is scarcely any precipitation during the summer months . There is a heavy snowfall in winter on the mountains, and in a large portion of eastern Washington the See also:

• AVERAGE

average annual snowfall is 40 in. or more .

Along the coast the prevailing winds See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow from the west or south; in the Puget Sound Basin from the south, and in eastern Washington from the south-west, except in the Yakima and Wenatchee valleys, where they are north-west . During summer the winds are very moderate in western Washington, but during winter they occasionally blow with great violence . In eastern Washington hot winds from the north or east are occasionally injurious to the growing See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat in See also:

• JUNE

June or July . Light hailstorms are not uncommon, but tornadoes are unknown in the state . Soils.—The soils of western Washington are chiefly glacial, those of eastern Washington chiefly volcanic . In the low tidewater district of the Puget Sound Basin an exceptionally productive See also:

• SOIL

soil has been made by the mixture of river silt and sea See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand . In numerous depressions, some of which may have been the beds of lakes formed by beaver dams, the soil is deep and largely of See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable formation . In the valleys of rivers which have overflowed their See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks and on level See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench lands there is considerable silt and vegetable See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam mixed with glacial See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay; but on the hills and ridges of western Washington the soil is almost wholly a glacial See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit consisting principally of clay but usually containing some sand and See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel . On the Columbia plateau the soil is principally volcanic ash and decomposed lava; it is almost wholly volcanic ash in the more arid sections, but elsewhere more decomposed lava or other igneous rocks, and some vegetable loam is mixed with the ash . On the E. slope of the Cascades and on the Okanogan Highlands glacial deposits of clay, gravel or sand, as well as vegetable loam, are mixed with the volcanic substances . Fisheries.—Washington's many waterways, both fresh and salt, and especially those which indent or are near the coast, make the fisheries resources of great value . The catch and See also:

• CANNING, CHARLES JOHN, EARL (1812-1862)
• CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827)

canning of salmon are particulariy important .

In 1905 the value of canned salmon was $2,431,605 (26,601,429 lb) . Forests.--In 1907 the estimated area of See also:

• STANDING

standing See also:

• TIMBER

timber in Washington was 11,720 sq. m. besides that included in See also:

• NATIONAL

national forest reserves . The forest reserves are included in ten national parks, named the Chelan, Columbia, See also:

• COLVILLE, JOHN (c. 154o-16o5)

Colville, Kaniksu, Olympic, Ranier, Snoqualmie, Washington, Wanaha and Wenatchee, the Chelan being the largest, with an area of 2,492,500 acres . The aggregate area of these parks (all of which were opened in 1907 and 1908) is 18,850.7 sq. m., or about three-elevenths of the total area of the state . See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

Irrigation.—The principal Federal irrigation undertakings in 191n were known as the " Okanogan project " and the " Yakima project." The former (authorized in 1905) provided for the irrigation of about io,000 acres in Okanogan county by means of two reservoirs of an aggregate area of 65o acres, See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main canals and main laterals 20 M. long and small laterals 30 M. long, the water being taken from the Salmon river . In 1909 about 3000 acres in this project were watered and under cultivation . The Yakima project involved the irrigation of about 600,000 acres by means of five reservoirs of an aggregate area of 804,000 See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre-feet, and was undertaken by the United States See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in 1905 . A riculture.—The development of the agricultural resources of Washington was exceedingly rapid after 1880 . The wheat See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop in 1909 was 35,780,000 bushels, valued at $33,275,000; oats, 9,898,000 bushels, valued at $4,751,000; See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, 7,189,000 bushels, valued at $4,601,000; See also:

• RYE

rye, 84,000 bushels, valued at $79,000; See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, 417,000 bushels, valued at $359,000 . The principal wheat-producing region is the south-eastern part of the state . Western Washington has large See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay crops; in the E. part of the state much See also:

• ALFALFA

alfalfa is grown, especially in Yakima county . In W .

Washington peas are raised for See also:

• FORAGE

forage . Vegetable crops are successfully grown in low alluvial lands of the W. part of the state, and on the irrigated volcanic ash lands E. of the mountains . See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

Apple-growing and the raising of other fruits have increased rapidly . Small fruits are more successful in the W. part of the state . Grapes are grown on the mountain sides, cranberries on the See also:

• BOG (from Ir. and Gael. bogach, bog, soft)

bog lands near the coast, and nuts in the S.E. parts . Live-stock and See also:

• DAIRY

dairy products are important factors in the agricultural See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of Washington, but the raising of live-stock on ranges is less common than when large herds grazed See also:

• FREE

free on government lands . Dairying, as distinct from grazing, has much increased in importance in See also:

• RECENT

recent years . Minerals.—The See also:

• MINERAL

mineral wealth of Washington is large, but its resources have been only slightly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, and had hardly begun before the first See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade of the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century: in 1902 the total value of all mineral products was $5,393,659; in 1907 it was $11,617,706 and in 1908 $11,610,224 . The See also:

• COAL

coal deposits of Washington are the only important ones in the Pacific states, and in Washington only, of the Pacific states, is there any coking coal . In the Cowlitz Valley an inferior coal was found in 1848 . The first important coal-See also:

• MINING

mining was near See also:

• BELLINGHAM
• BELLINGHAM, SIR EDWARD (d. 1549)

Bellingham Bay, in Whatcom county, where coal was discovered in 1852 and where 5374 tons were See also:

• MINED

mined in 186o . Between 1850 and 186o coal was found on the Stilaguamish river (Snohomish county) and on the Black river (near See also:

• SEATTLE

Seattle) and in 1863 at See also:

• GILMAN, DANIEL COIT (1831-1908)

Gilman (See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King county) ; but it was not until between 188o and 1885, when the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green river See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field in King county and the Roslyn mines in Kittitas county were opened, that commercial See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production became important: the output was 3,024,943 tons (valued at $6,690,412) in 1908, when nearly one-half (1,414,621 tons) of the total was from Kittitas county and most of the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder from the counties of King (931,643 tons) and See also:

• PIERCE, FRANKLIN (1804—1869)

Pierce (551,678 tons) .

There are large deposits of glacial and residual See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays and clay shales throughout the state . See also:

• SERPENTINE

Serpentine See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble with seamed markings has been found in Adams and See also:

• STEVENS,
• STEVENS, A
• STEVENS, ALFRED (1818-1875)
• STEVENS, ALFRED (1828-1906)
• STEVENS, HENRY (1819—1886)

Stevens counties . See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

Granite is found about Puget Sound and in the extreme eastern part of the state; it is largely used in riprap or rough See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations . See also:

• SANDSTONE

Sandstone is found especially in the N.W. in Whatcom and See also:

• SAN

San Juan counties; it is used for paving blocks . See also:

• LIMESTONE

Limestone also is found most plentifully in the north and north-western parts of the state . See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold, See also:

• SILVER

silver, See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead and a little See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron (almost entirely See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown ore) are the principal ores of commercial importance found in Washington . The total value of gold, silver, copper and lead in 1go8 was $378,816 (gold $242,234, silver $47,076, copper $41,188, lead $48,318) . The largest output of each of these ores in 1908 was in Stevens county; See also:

• FERRY (from the same root as that of the verb " to fare," to journey or travel, common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. fahren; it is connected with the root of Gr. 7ropos, way, and Lat. portage, to carry)
• FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893)

Ferry, King and Okanogan counties ranked next in the output of gold; Okanogan and Ferry counties in the output of silver; Okanogan in the output of copper; and King in the output of lead . About nine-tenths of the gold was got from dry or siliceous ores and about 8 % from placer mines; about two-thirds of the silver from dry or siliceous ores, about two-ninths from copper ores, and most of the other ninth from lead ores . The only lead ore is See also:

• GALENA

galena . The copper is mostly a copper glance passing into chalcopyrite; it is found in fissure See also:

• VEINS

veins with granite, A small quantity of See also:

• ZINC

zinc (7 tons in 1906) is occasionally produced . See also:

• TUNGSTEN [symbol W, atomic weight 184.o (0=16)]

Tungsten is found as See also:

• WOLFRAMITE, or WOLFRAM

wolframite in Stevens county near Deer Trail and See also:

• BISSELL, GEORGE EDWIN (1839– )

Bissell, in Okanogan county near Loomis, in Whatcom county near the inter-national boundary, and (with some See also:

• SCHEELITE

scheelite) at Silver See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, near Spokane .

See also:

• NICKEL
• NICKEL (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.68 (0=16))

Nickel has been found near See also:

• KELLER, ALBERT (1845- )
• KELLER, GOTTFRIED (1819-1890)
• KELLER, HELEN ADAMS (188o- )

Keller in Ferry county, and See also:

• MOLYBDENUM [symbol, Mo; atomic weight, 96 (0=16)]

molybdenum near See also:

• DAVENPORT
• DAVENPORT, EDWARD LOOMIS (1816-1877)
• DAVENPORT, ROBERT (fl. 1623—1639)

Davenport, See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln county . There is See also:

• CHROMITE

chromite in the black sands of the sea-coast and the banks of the larger rivers . .See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

Antimony deposits were first worked in 1906 . See also:

• ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

Arsenic is found . Manufactures.—There was remarkable growth in the manufacturing See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of Washington between 188o and 1905, due primarily to the extraordinary development of its See also:

• LUMBER

lumber See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . In 1870 the value of lumber products was $1,307,585, and the Territory ranked See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-first among the states and territories in this industry, and in 188o the value of the product was $1,734,742; by 1905 the value had increased to $49,572,512, and Washington now ranked first . The manufacture of planing See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill products, including sashes, doors and blinds, was an important industry, the products being valued in 1905 at $5,173,422 . Next in commercial importance to lumber and timber products are See also:

• FLOUR

flour and grist mill products, valued in 1905 at $14,663,612 . Other important manufactures are: slaughtering and See also:

• MEAT

meat packing (wholesale), $6,251,705 in 1905; See also:

• MALT (O. Eng., mealt; O. Sax., malt; O. Tent., maltos; Mod. Ger., Malz; Scand., malt; probably derived from the Sanskrit mrdu, soft, thus having reference to the fact that malt is raw grain rendered soft or tender)

malt liquors, $4,471,777; and foundry and See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine See also:

• SHOP

shop products, $3,862,279 . Transportation and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce.—Puget Sound has formed a natural See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus for several transcontinental See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, the cities of Seattle and Tacoma on its shores affording outlets to the commerce of the Pacific for the See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern Pacific, the Great Northern and the See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago, See also:

• MILWAUKEE

Milwaukee & Puget Sound transcontinental lines, which enter these cities with their own tracks . The See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union Pacific and the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian Pacific reach Seattle over the tracks of other roads . The Northern Pacific and the Great Northern enter the state near the middle of its eastern boundary at Spokane, which is a centre for practically all the railway lines in the eastern part of the state .

The Northern Pacific, the first of the transcontinental roads to See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch the Pacific north of San Francisco, reaches Seattle with a wide sweep to the south, See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the Columbia river about where it is entered by the Yakima and ascending the valley of the latter to the Cascade Mountains . The Great Northern, See also:

• RUNNING

running west from Spokane, crosses the state in nearly a straight line, and between this road and the Northern Pacific, and paralleling the Great Northern, runs the recently constructed Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound, the westward extension of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul . The Northern Pacific sends a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch line south from Tacoma parallelwith the coast to See also:

• PORTLAND
• PORTLAND, EARL OF
• PORTLAND, ISLE OF
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM BENTINCK, EARL
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH BENTINCK

Portland on the Columbia river, where it meets the Southern Pacific and the Oregon Railroad & See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

Navigation See also:

• COMPANY

Company's line (a subsidiary of the Union Pacific), thus affording communication southwards, and up the valley of the Columbia to the east . Entering the south-east corner of the state, the Oregon Railroad & Navigation Company extends a line northwards to Spokane, and a branch of the Great Northern, leaving the main line at this See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, runs north-westward into British Columbia . The Spokane, Portland & Seattle railway connects the three cities named by way of the Columbia Valley; and the Spokane & Inland See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire sends a line eastward into Idaho to the Coeur d'Alene See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and another through the south-eastern part of the state into See also:

• NEVADA
• NEVADA (a Spanish word meaning " snow-clad " or " snowy land," originally applied to a snow-capped mountain range on the Pacific slope)

Nevada . In 1880 the railway mileage was 289 m.; in 189o, 2012.05 m.; in 1900, 2888.44 m . ; and on the 1st of January 1909, 4180.32 M . Seattle and Tacoma are among the four leading ports of the United States on the Pacific . Other harbours on Puget Sound of commercial importance are See also:

• OLYMPIA

Olympia, See also:

• EVERETT
• EVERETT, ALEXANDER HILL (1790-1847)
• EVERETT, CHARLES CARROLL (1829-1900)
• EVERETT, EDWARD (1794–1865)

Everett and Bellingham . See also:

• PORT

Port Townsend is the port of entry for Puget Sound . Gray's Harbour, on the western coast, is of importance in lumber See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—The population in 186o was 11,594; in 187o, 23,955; in 188o, 75,116; in 189o, 349,390, an increase within the decade of 365.1%; in 1900, 518,103, an increase of about 45% .

In 1910, according to the U.S. See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census returns, the total population of the state reached 1,141,990 . Of the total population in 1900, 394,179 were native whites, 111,364 or 21.5% were See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born, 10,139 (of whom 2531 were not taxed) were See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, 5617 were Japanese, 3629 were See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, and 2514 were negroes . The Indians on reservations in 1909 were