See also:

• WENCESLAUS (1361-1419)

WENCESLAUS (1361-1419)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, and, as See also:

• WENCESLAUS (1361-1419)

Wenceslaus IV., king of Bohemia, was the son of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IV. and See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna, daughter of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II., See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• SCHWEIDNITZ

Schweidnitz . See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

Born at See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg on the 26th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1361, he was crowned king of Bohemia in See also:

• JUNE

June 1363, and invested with the margraviate of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg in 1373 . In See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1370 he married See also:

• JOANNA (1479-1555)

Joanna (d . 1386) daughter of See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert I., duke of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, and was elected king of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans or German king at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort on the loth of June 1376, and crowned at See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle on the 6th of See also:

• JULY

July following . He took some See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire during his See also:

• FATHER

father's lifetime, and when Charles died in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1378 became See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole ruler of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and Bohemia, but handed over Brandenburg to his See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund . His reign was a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of confusion both in See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and although he appears to have begun to See also:

• RULE

rule with excellent intentions, he was totally unfit to See also:

• COPE
• COPE (M.E. cape, cope, from Med. Lat. capa, cappa)
• COPE, EDWARD DRINKER (1840-1897)
• COPE, EDWARD MEREDITH (1818-1873)

cope with the forces of disorder . Germany was torn with feuds, the various orders for the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace were disregarded, and after 1389 the king paid very little See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to German affairs . In 1383 he inherited the duchy of See also:

• LUXEMBURG
• LUXEMBURG, FRANCOIS HENRI DE MONTMORENCYBOUTEVILLE, DUKE

Luxemburg from his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle Wenceslaus and in 1387 assisted his half-brother Sigismund to obtain the Hungarian See also:

• THRONE

throne . For some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Wenceslaus ruled Bohemia successfully, but he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of favourites and aroused the irritation of the nobles . A See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John II., See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague, which led to the See also:

• MURDER

murder of John's See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, John of Pomuk, at the instigation of the king, provoked a rising led by See also:

• JOBST

Jobst, See also:

• MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf)

margrave of See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia, a See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin 'of Wenceslaus; and in 1394 the king was taken prisoner and only released under pressure of threats from the German princes . Having consented to limitations on his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in Bohemia, he made a further but spasmodic effort to restore peace in Germany . He then met Charles VI., king of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France at See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims, where the monarchs decided to persuade the See also:

• RIVAL

rival popes See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict XIII. and See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface IX. to resign, and to end the papal schisms by the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of a new pontiff .

Many of the princes were angry at this See also:

• ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment of Boniface by Wenceslaus, who had also aroused much indignation by his See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence from Germany and by selling the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of duke of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan to Gian Galleazzo See also:

• VISCONTI

Visconti . The consequence was that in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1400 the four Rhenish See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors met at See also:

• OBERLAHNSTEIN

Oberlahnstein and declared Wenceslaus deposed . He was charged with attempting to dismember the empire to his own See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage, with neglecting to end the See also:

• SCHISM

schism in the church, with allowing favourites to enrich themselves, and was further accused of murder . Though he remained in Bohemia he took no steps against See also:

• RUPERT (1352—1410)
• RUPERT (HRODBERT), ST
• RUPERT, PRINCE, COUNT PALATINE OF THE RHINE AND DUKE OF BAVARIA (1619—1682)

Rupert III. See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, who had been elected as his successor . He soon quarrelled with Sigismund, who took him prisoner in 1402 and sent him to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, where he remained in captivity for nineteen months after abdicating in Bohemia . In 1404, when Sigismund was recalled to See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, Wenceslaus regained his freedom and with it his authority in Bohemia; and after the See also:

• DEATH

death of the German king Rupert in 1410 appears to have entertained hopes of recovering his former throne . Abandoning this See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea, however, he voted for the election of Sigismund in 1411, but stipulated that he should retain the title of king of the Romans . His concluding years were disturbed by the troubles which arose in Bohemia over the death of John See also:

• HUSS (or Hus), JOHN (c. 1373-1415)

Huss, and which the vacillating king did nothing to check until compelled by Sigismund . In the midst of these disturbances he died at Prague on the 16th of August 1419 . His second wife was See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia, daughter of John, duke of Bavaria-See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, but he See also:

• LEFT

left no See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children . Wenceslaus was a capable and educated See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, but was lacking in perseverance and See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . He neglected business for See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure and was much addicted to See also:

• DRUNKENNESS

drunkenness .

He favoured the teaching of Huss, probably on See also:

• POLITICAL

political grounds, but exercised very little influence during the Hussite struggle . See Th . Lindner, Geschichte See also:

• DES

des deutschen Reiches vom Ende des 141en Jahrhunderts bis zur See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, part i . (See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick, 1875—188o), and " See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Wahl Wenzels," in the Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, See also:

• BAND

Band xiv . (See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1862—1886) ; F . M . Pelzel, Lebensgeschichte des romischen and bohmischen Konigs Wenceslaus (Prague, 1788—179o) ; F . Palacky, Geschichte von Bohmen, Bande iii. and iv . (Prague, 1864—1874) ; H . Mau, See also:

• KONIG, KARL RUDOLPH (1832-1901)

Konig See also:

• WENZEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1740-1793)

Wenzel and die rheinischen Kurfiirsten (See also:

• ROSTOCK

Rostock, 1887) . The See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article by Th . Lindner in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, Band xli., should also be consulted for a bibliography, and also the same writer's See also:

• WORK

work, Das Urkundenwesen Karls IV. and seiner Nacl folger (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1882) .

WEN-CHOW-FU, a prefectural See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Chehkiang, See also:

• CHINA

China, and one of the five ports opened by the Chifu See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention to See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, situated (28° 1' N., 120° 31' E.) on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• GOW, NIEL (1727-1807)

Gow, about 20 M. from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is estimated at 8o,000 . The site is said to have been chosen by Kwo P'oh (A.D . 276—324), a celebrated See also:

• ANTIQUARY

antiquary who recognized in the adjacent See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain peaks a See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with the stars in the See also:

• CONSTELLATION (from the Lat. constellatus, studded with stars; co'n, with, and Stella, a star)

constellation of the See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

Bear, from which circumstance the See also:

• TOWN

town was first known as the See also:

• TOW

Tow or Great Bear city . Subsequently the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in its vicinity of a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer carrying a See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower in its mouth was deemed so favourable an See also:

• OMEN (a Latin word, either connected with os, mouth, or more probably with auris (Gr. ois, ear; apparently, meaning " a thing heard " or " spoken ")

omen as to more than justify the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of its name to Luh or Deer city . Its See also:

• PRESENT

present name, which signifies the " mild See also:

• DISTRICT

district," and is correctly descriptive of the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate, though not of the inhabitants, was given to it during the Ming See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty (1368-1644) . The walls, which were built in the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, are about 4 M. in circumference, 35 ft. in height, and 12 ft. broad at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top . The streets are paved with See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and are wide, straight and clean . The See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, seven in number, were erected in 1598 . Wen-chow is about 156o m . S.S.E. by road from See also:

• PEKING, or PEKIN

Peking and 600 m . E.S.E. of See also:

• HANKOW (" Mouth of the Han ")

Hankow .

The See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul and the customs' outdoor See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff occupy foreign-built houses on See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island, which lies abreast of the city . The neighbourhood is hilly and See also:

• PRETTY

pretty, while opposite the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• GATE

gate Conquest Island forms a picturesque See also:

• OBJECT

object . The island is, however, more beautiful than healthy . The See also:

• PORT

port, which was opened to foreign trade in 1876, has not justified the expectations which were formed of it as a commercial centre, and in 1908 the See also:

• DIRECT

direct foreign trade was valued at £19,000 only . There is no foreign See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement at Wen-chow, and the foreign residents are mainly officials and missionaries . The See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea trade of Wen-chow-Fu, formerly important, has declined owing to care-less cultivation . A considerable native export trade in See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal, See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo, medicines, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper umbrellas, oranges, See also:

• OTTER
• OTTER (0. Eng. ate, otor, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch and Ger. Otter, Dan. odder, Swed. utter; it is to be referred to the root seen in Gr. 6&ep, water)
• OTTER, SEA

otter skins and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf is carried on . The imports are chiefly See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• YARN

yarn and piece goods, kerosene oil, See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm-leaf fans, See also:

• ANILINE, PHENYLADIINE, or AMINOBENZENE, (C6H5NH2)

aniline dyes, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar and matches .