See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

ABRAHAM GOTTLOB See also:

• ABRAHAM GOTTLOB WERNER (1750-1817)
• WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON (1843– )
• WERNER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZACHARIAS (1768–1823)

WERNER (1750-1817)  , See also:

• FATHER

father of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in Upper See also:

• LUSATIA (Ger. Lausitz)

Lusatia, See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, on the 25th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1750 . The See also:

• FAMILY

family to which he belonged had been engaged for several See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years in See also:

• MINING

mining pursuits . His father was inspector of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Solm's See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-See also:

• WORKS

works at Wehrau and Lorzendorf, and from See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• WERNER, ABRAHAM GOTTLOB (1750-1817)
• WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON (1843– )
• WERNER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZACHARIAS (1768–1823)

Werner's See also:

• INFANCY

infancy cultivated in him a See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for minerals and rocks . The boy showed See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early promise of distinction . He began to collect specimens of stones, and one cf his favourite employments was to See also:

• PORE

pore over the pages of a See also:

• DICTIONARY

dictionary of mining . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of nine he was sent to school at See also:

• BUNZLAU

Bunzlau in See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia, where he remained until 1764, when he joined his father at Wehrau with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of ultimately succeeding him in the See also:

• POST

post of inspector . When nineteen years of age (1769) he journeyed to See also:

• FREIBERG, or FREYBERG

Freiberg, where he attracted the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of the officials, who invited him to attend the mining school established two years previously . This was the turning point in Werner's career . He soon distinguished himself by his See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and by the large amount of See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical knowledge of See also:

• MINERALOGY

mineralogy which he acquired . In 1771 he repaired to theuniversity of See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig and went through the usual curriculum of study, paying See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention at first chiefly to the subject of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, but continuing to devote himself with See also:

• GREAT

great ardour to mineralogical pursuits . While still a student he wrote his first See also:

• WORK

work on the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external characters of minerals, Von den etusserlichen Kennzeichen der Fossilien (1774), which at once gave him a name among the mineralogists of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . In 1775 he was appointed inspector in the mining school and teacher of mineralogy at Freiberg .

To the development of that school and to the cultivation of mineralogy and geognosy he thence-forth, for about See also:

• FORTY

forty years, devoted the whole of his active and indefatigable industry . From a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere provincial institution the Freiberg See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy under his care See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to be one of the great centres of scientific See also:

• LIGHT

light in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, to which students from all parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world flocked to listen to his eloquent teaching . He wrote but little, and though he elaborated a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• SYSTEM

system of geognosy and mineralogy he never could be induced to publish it . From the notes of his pupils, however, the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general purport of his teaching was well known, and it widely influenced the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . He died at Freiberg on the 3oth of See also:

• JUNE

June 1817 . One of the distinguishing features of Werner's teaching was the care with which he taught lithology and the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological formation; a subject to which he applied the name geognosy . His views on a definite geological succession were inspired by the works of J . G . See also:

• LEHMANN, JOHANN GOTTLOB (?-1767)
• LEHMANN, PETER MARTIN ORLA (1810-187o)

Lehmann and G . C . Fuchsel (1722-1773) . He showed that the rocks of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth are not disposed at See also:

• RANDOM (older forms randon, randrun; from the French, cf. randir, to run quickly, impetuously; generally taken to be of Teutonic origin and connected with Ger. Rand, edge, brim, the idea being possibly of a brimming river)

random, but follow each other in a certain definite See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order .

Unfortunately he had never enlarged his experience by travel, and the sequence of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-masses which he had recognized in Saxony was believed by him to be of universal application (see his Kurze Klassifikation and Beschreibung der verschiedenen Gebirgsarten, 1787) . He taught that the rocks were the precipitates of a primeval ocean, and followed each other in successive deposits of world-wide extent . Volcanoes were regarded by him as abnormal phenomena, probably due to the See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion of subterranean beds of See also:

• COAL

coal . See also:

• BASALT

Basalt and similar rocks, which even then were recognized by other observers as of igneous origin, were believed by him to be See also:

• WATER

water-formed accumulations of the same See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient ocean . Hence arose one of the great See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical controversies of geology . Werner's followers preached the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the aqueous origin of rocks, and were known as Neptunists; their opponents, who recognized the important See also:

• PART

part taken in the construction of the earth's crust by subterranean See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, were styled Vulcanists . R . See also:

• JAMESON (or JAMESONE), GEORGE (c. 1587–1644)
• JAMESON, ANNA BROWNELL (1794-1860)
• JAMESON, LEANDER STARR (1853– )
• JAMESON, ROBERT (1774-1854)

Jameson, the most distinguished of his See also:

• BRITISH

British pupils, was for many years an ardent teacher of the Wernerian doctrines . Though much of Werner's theoretical work was erroneous, science is indebted to him for so clearly demonstrating the See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological succession of rocks, for the enthusiastic zeal which he infused into his pupils, and for the impulse which he thereby gave to the study of geology . See S . G . Frisch, Lebensbeschreibung A .

G . Werners (Leipzig, 1825) ; See also:

• CUVIER, GEORGES LEOPOLD CHRETIEN FREDERIC DAGOBERT, BARON (1769-1832)

Cuvier, Eloge de Werner; See also:

• LYELL, SIR CHARLES (1797-1875)

Lyell, Principles of Geology; and See also:

• SIR

Sir A . See also:

• GEIKIE
• GEIKIE, JAMES (1839- )
• GEIKIE, SIR ARCHIBALD (1835- )

Geikie, Founders of Geology (1897; 2nd ed., 1906) .