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JOHN WESLEY (1703-1791)

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Originally appearing in Volume V28, Page 530 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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JOHN See also:WESLEY (1703-1791)  , See also:English divine, was See also:born at Epworth Rectory on the 17th of See also:June (O.S.) 1703 . He was the fifteenth See also:child of See also:Samuel and Susanna See also:Wesley (see WESLEY See also:FAMILY) . His See also:mother's training laid the See also:foundation of his See also:character, and under her instruction the See also:children made remark-able progress . On See also:February 9, 1709, the rectory was burnt down, and the children had a narrow See also:escape . On the See also:duke of See also:Buckingham's nomination, Wesley was for six years a See also:pupil at See also:Charterhouse . In June 1720 he went up to See also:Christ See also:Church, See also:Oxford, with an See also:annual See also:allowance of See also:Loo as a Charterhouse See also:scholar . His See also:health was poor and he found it hard to keep out of See also:debt, but he made See also:good use of his opportunities . A See also:scheme of study which he See also:drew up for 1722 with a See also:time-table for each See also:day of the See also:week is still to be seen in his earliest See also:diary, which became the See also:property of Mr See also:George Stampe of See also:Great See also:Grimsby . The diary runs from See also:April 5, 1725, to February 19, 1727 . A friend describes Wesley at this time as " a See also:young See also:fellow of the finest classical See also:taste, and the most liberal and manly sentiments." He was " See also:gay and sprightly, with a turn for wit and See also:humour." The See also:standard edition of Wesley's See also:Journal (1909) has furnished much new material for this See also:period of Wesley's See also:life, the Rev . N . Curnock having unravelled the difficult See also:cipher and shorthand in which Wesley's See also:early diaries were kept .

He reached the conclusion that the religious friend who directed Wesley's See also:

attention to the writings of See also:Thomas a Kempis and See also:Jeremy See also:Taylor, in 1725, was See also:Miss See also:Betty Kirkham, whose See also:father was See also:rector of See also:Stanton in See also:Gloucestershire . Up to this time Wesley says he had no notion of inward holiness, but went on " habitually and for the most See also:part very contentedly in some or other known See also:sin, indeed with some intermission and See also:short struggles especially before and after See also:Holy Communion," which he was obliged to attend three times a See also:year . On the 25th of See also:September 1725 he was ordained See also:deacon, and on the 17th of See also:March •1726 was elected fellow of See also:Lincoln . His private diaries, seven of which are in the hands of Mr See also:Russell J . See also:Colman of See also:Norwich, contain monthly reviews of Wesley's See also:reading . It covered a wide range, and he made careful notes and abstracts of it . He generally took breakfast or See also:tea with some congenial friend and delighted to discuss the deepest subjects . At the See also:coffee See also:house he saw the Spectator and other See also:periodicals . He loved See also:riding and walking, was an See also:expert swimmer and enjoyed a See also:game at See also:tennis . He preached frequently in the churches near Oxford in the months succeeding his ordination, and in April 1726 he obtained leave from his See also:college to See also:act as his father's See also:curate . The new material in the Journal describes the See also:simple See also:matter of his life . He read plays, attended the See also:village fairs, shot plovers in the fenland, and enjoyed a See also:dance with his sisters .

In See also:

October he returned to Oxford, where he was appointed See also:Greek lecturer and See also:moderator of the classes . He gained considerable reputation in the disputation for his See also:master's degree in February 1727 . He was now See also:free to follow his own course of studies and began to lose his love for See also:company, unless it were with those who were See also:drawn like himself to See also:religion . In See also:August he returned to See also:Lincolnshire, where he assisted his father till See also:November 1729 . During those two years he paid three visits to the university . In the summer of 1729 he was up for two months . Almost every evening found him with the little society which had gathered See also:round See also:Charles . When he came into See also:residence in November he was recognized as the father of the Holy See also:Club . It met at first on See also:Sunday evenings, then every evening was passed in Wesley's See also:room or that of some other member . They read the Greek Testament and the See also:classics; fasted on Wednesday and See also:Friday; received the See also:Lord's Supper every week; and brought all their life under See also:review . In 173o See also:William See also:Morgan, an Irish student, visited the See also:gaol and reported that there was a great opening for See also:work among the prisoners . The See also:friends agreed to visit the See also:Castle twice a week and to look after the sick in any See also:parish where the clergyman was willing to accept their help .

Wesley s spirit at this time is seen from his See also:

sermon on " The See also:Circumcision of the See also:Heart," preached before the university on the 1st of See also:January 1733 . In 1765 he said it " contains all that I now See also:teach concerning salvation from all sin, and loving See also:God with an undivided heart." Wesley See also:rose at four, lived on X28 a year and gave away the See also:remainder of his-income . He already displayed those gifts for leadership which were to find so conspicuous a See also:field in the evangelical revival . See also:John Gambold, a member of the Holy Club, who after-wards became a Moravian See also:bishop, says " he was blest with such activity as to be always gaining ground, and such steadiness that he lost none . What proposals he made to any were sure to See also:charm them, because they saw him always the same." He wore an See also:air of authority yet never lacked address, or " assumed anything to himself above his contemporaries." William See also:Law's books produced a great impression on Wesley, and on his See also:advice the young See also:tutor began to read mystic authors, but he saw that theirtendency was to make good See also:works appear mean and insipid, and he soon laid them aside . Wesley had not yet found the See also:key to the heart and See also:conscience of his hearers . He says, " From the year 1725 to 1729, I preached much, but saw no See also:fruit to my labour . Indeed it could not be that I should ; for I neither laid the foundation of repentance nor of See also:preaching the See also:Gospel, taking it for granted that all to whom I preached were believers, and that many of them needed no repentance . From the year 1729 to 1734, laying a deeper foundation of repentance, I saw a little fruit . But it was only a little; and no wonder: for I did not preach faith in the See also:blood of the See also:covenant . From 1734 to 1738, speaking more of faith in Christ, I saw more fruit of my preaching." Looking back on these days in 1777, Wesley See also:felt " the Methodists at Oxford were all one See also:body, and, as it were, one soul; zealous for the religion of the See also:Bible, of the See also:Primitive Church, and, in consequence, of the Church of See also:England; as they believed it to come nearer the scriptural and primitive See also:plan than any other See also:national church upon See also:earth." The number of Oxford Methodists was small and probably never exceeding twenty-five . John See also:Clayton, afterwards See also:chaplain of the Collegiate Church of See also:Manchester, who remained a strong High Churchman; See also:James See also:Hervey, author of Meditations among the Tombs, and Theron and Aspasio; See also:Benjamin See also:Ingham, who became the See also:Yorkshire evangelist; and Thomas See also:Broughton, afterwards secretary of the S.P.C.K., were members of the Holy Club, and George See also:Whitefield joined it on the See also:eve of the Wesleys' departure for See also:Georgia .

Wesley's father died on April 25, 1735, and in the following October John and Charles took See also:

ship for Georgia, with Benjamin Ingham and Charles Delamotte . John was sent out by the Society for the See also:Propagation of the Gospel, and hoped to labour as a missionary among the See also:Indians, but though he had many interesting conversations with them the See also:mission was found to be impracticable . The See also:cabin of the " Simmonds" became a study for the four Methodists . The See also:calm confidence of their Moravian fellow-passengers amid the See also:Atlantic storms convinced Wesley that he did not possess the faith which casts out fear . Closer acquaintance with these See also:German friends in See also:Savannah deepened the impression . Wesley needed help, for he was beset by difficulties . Mrs See also:Hawkins and Mrs Welch poisoned the mind of See also:Colonel See also:Oglethorpe against the See also:brothers for a time . Wesley's See also:attachment to Miss Hopkey also led to much See also:pain and disappointment . All this is now seen more clearly in the standard edition of the Journal . Wesley was a stiff High Churchman, who scrupulously followed every detail of the rubrics . He insisted on baptizing children by trine See also:immersion, and refused the Communion to a pious German because he had not been baptized by a See also:minister who had been episcopally ordained . At the same time he was accused of " introducing into the church and service at the See also:altar compositions of See also:psalms and See also:hymns not inspected or authorized by any proper judicature." The See also:list of grievances presented by Wesley's enemies to. the See also:Grand See also:Jury at Savannah gives abundant See also:evidence of his unwearying labours for his See also:flock .

The foundation of his future work as the father of Methodist hy mnody was laid in Georgia . His first Collection of Psalms and Hymns (See also:

Charlestown, 1737) contains five of his incomparable See also:translations from the German, and on his return to England he published another Collection in 1738, with five more translations from the German and one from the See also:Spanish . In April 1736 Wesley formed a little society of See also:thirty or See also:forty of the serious members of his See also:congregation . He calls this the second rise of See also:Methodism, the first being at Oxford in November 1729 . The company in Savannah met every Wednesday evening " in See also:order to a free conversation, begun and ended with singing and See also:prayer." A select company of these met at the parsonage on Sunday afternoons . In 1781 he writes, " I cannot but observe that these were the first rudiments of the Methodist See also:societies." In the presence of such facts we can understand the significance of the mission to Georgia . Wesley put down many severe things against himself on the return voyage, and he saw after-wards that even then he had the faith of a servant though not that of a son . In See also:London he met See also:Peter Bdhler who had been ordained by See also:Zinzendorf for work in Carolina . By BBhler Wesley was convinced that he lacked " that faith whereby alone we are saved." On Wednesday, May 24, 1738, he went to a society See also:meeting in Aldersgate See also:Street where See also:Luther's See also:Preface to the See also:Epistle to the See also:Romans was being read . " About a See also:quarter before nine, while he was describing the See also:change which God works in the heart through faith in Christ, I felt my heart strangely warmed . I felt I did See also:trust in Christ, Christ alone, for salvation; and an assurance was given me that he had taken away my sins, even mine, and saved me from the law of sin and See also:death." Mr See also:Lecky points out the significance of that event . " It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that the See also:scene which took See also:place at that humble meeting in Aldersgate Street forms an See also:epoch in English See also:history .

The conviction which then flashed upon one of the most powerful and most active intellects in England is the true source of English Methodism " (History of England in Eighteenth See also:

Century, ii . 558) . Wesley spent some time during the summer of 1738 in visiting the Moravian See also:settlement at Herrnhuth and returned to London on September 15, 1738, with his faith greatly strengthened . He preached in all the churches that were open to him, spoke in many religious societies, visited Newgate and the Oxford prisons . On New Year's Day, 1739, the Wesleys, Whitefield and other friends had a Love Feast at Fetter See also:Lane . In February See also:White-field went to See also:Bristol, where his popularity was unbounded . When the churches were closed against him he spoke to the Kingswood colliers in the open air, and after six memorable See also:weeks wrote urging Wesley to come and take up the work . Wesley was in his friend's congregation on April 1, but says, " I could scarcely reconcile myself to this See also:strange way of preaching in the See also:fields . . . having been all my life (till very lately) so tenacious of every point See also:relating to decency and order, that I should have thought the saving of souls almost a sin, if it had not been done in a church." Next day Wesley followed White-field's example . His fears and prejudices melted away as he discerned that this was the very method needed for reaching the multitudes living in almost See also:heathen darkness . He already had the means of shepherding those who were impressed by the preaching . On the 1st of May 1738 he wrote in his journal: " This evening our little society began, which afterwards met in Fetter Lane." Among its " fundamental rules " we find a See also:provision for dividing the society into bands of five or ten persons who spoke freely and plainly to each other as to the " real See also:state " of their See also:hearts .

The bands See also:

united in a See also:conference every Wednesday evening . The society first met at James See also:Hutton's See also:shop, " The Bible and See also:Sun," See also:Wild Street, See also:west of See also:Temple See also:Bar . About the 25th of September it moved to Fetter Lane . Wesley describes this as the third beginning of Methodism . After the field preaching began converts multiplied . They found all the See also:world against them, and Wesley advised them to strengthen one another and talk together as often as they could . When he tried to visit them at their homes he found the task beyond him, and therefore invited them to meet him on See also:Thursday evenings . This meeting was held in the end of 1739 at the Foundery in Moorfields which Wesley had just secured as a preaching place . See also:Grave disorders had arisen in the society at Fetter Lane, and on the 25th of See also:July 1740 Wesley withdrew from it . About 25 men and 48 See also:women also See also:left and See also:cast in their See also:lot with the society at the Foundery . The See also:centenary of Method-ism was kept in 1839, a See also:hundred years after the society first met at the Foundery . Wesley's headquarters at Bristol were in the See also:Horse See also:Fair, where a room was built in May 1739 for two religious societies which had been accustomed to meet in See also:Nicholas Street and See also:Baldwin Street .

To meet the cost of this See also:

Captain See also:Fox suggested that each member should give a See also:penny per week . When it was urged that some were too poor to do this, he replied, " Then put eleven of the poorest with me; and if they can give anything, well: I will See also:call on them weekly, and if they can give nothing I will give for them as well as for myself." Others followed his example and were called leaders, a name given as early as the 5th of November 1738 to those who had See also:charge of the bands in London . Wesley saw that here was the very means he needed to See also:watch over his flock . The leaders thus became a body of See also:lay pastors . Those under their care formed a class . It proved more convenient to meet together and this gave opportunity for religious conversation and prayer . As thesociety increased Wesley found it needed " still greater care to See also:separate the See also:precious from the vile." He therefore arranged to meet the classes himself every quarter and gave a See also:ticket " under his own See also:hand " to every one " whose seriousness and good conversation " he found no See also:reason to doubt . The ticket furnished an easy means for guarding the meetings of the society against intrusion . " Bands " were formed for those who wished for closer communion . Love-feasts for fellowship and testimony were also introduced, according to the See also:custom of the primitive church . Watchnights were due to the See also:suggestion of a Kingswood See also:collier in 1740 . Wesley issued the rules of the united societies in February 1743 .

Phoenix-squares

Those who wished to enter the society must have " a See also:

desire to flee from the wrath to come, to be saved from their sins." When admitted they were to give evidence of their desire for salvation " by doing no harm; by doing good of every possible sort; by attending upon all the means of See also:grace." It was expected that all who could do so would contribute the penny a week suggested in Bristol, and give a See also:shilling at the renewal of their quarterly ticket . Wesley had at first to take charge of the contributions, but as they See also:grew larger he appointed stewards to receive the See also:money, to pay debts, and to relieve the needy . The memorable arrangement in Bristol was made a few weeks before Wesley's field of labour was extended to the See also:north of England in May 1742 . He found See also:Newcastle ripe for his See also:message . English See also:Christianity seemed to have no See also:power to uplift the See also:people . Dram-drinking was spreading like an epidemic . Freethinkers' clubs flourished . " The old religion," Lecky says, " seemed everywhere loosening round the minds of men, and indeed it had often no great See also:influence even on its defenders." Some of the See also:clergy in See also:country parishes were devoted workers, but See also:special zeal was resented or discouraged . The See also:doctrine of See also:election had led to a separation between Whitefield and the Wesleys in 1741 . Wesley believed that the grace of God could transform every life that received it . He preached the doctrine of conscious See also:acceptance with God and daily growth. in holiness . Victory over sin was the See also:goal which he set before all his people .

He made his See also:

appeal to the conscience in the clearest See also:language, with the most cogent See also:argument, and with all the See also:weight of See also:personal conviction . Hearers like John See also:Nelson felt as though every word was aimed at themselves . No preacher of the century had this mastery over his See also:audience . His teaching may be described as Evangelical Arminianism and its See also:standards are his own four volumes of sermons and his Notes on the New Testament . Up till 1742 Wesley's work was chiefly confined to London and Bristol, with the adjacent towns and villages or the places which lay between them . On his way to Newcastle that year Wesley visited Birstal, where John Nelson, the See also:stone-See also:mason, had already been working . On his return he held memorable services in the See also:churchyard at Epworth . Methodism this year spread out from Birstal into the West Riding . Societies were also formed in See also:Somerset, Wilts, Gloucestershire, See also:Leicester, See also:Warwickshire, See also:Nottinghamshire and the See also:south