JOHAN 1 See also:

• JOHAN 1 WESSEL (c. 1420-1489)

WESSEL (c. 1420-1489)  , Dutch theologian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• GRONINGEN

Groningen . He was educated at the famous school at See also:

• DEVENTER

Deventer, which was under the supervision of the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

Brothers of See also:

• COMMON

Common See also:

• LIFE

Life, and in See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close connexion with the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount St See also:

• AGNES, SAINT

Agnes at See also:

• ZWOLLE

Zwolle, where See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas a Kempis was then living . At Deventer, where the best traditions of the 14th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

mysticism were still cultivated, See also:

• WESSEL, JOHAN 1 (c. 1420-1489)

Wessel imbibed that See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest devotional mysticism which was the basis of his See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology and which See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew him irresistibly, after a busy life, to spend his last days among the See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

Friends of See also:

• GOD

God in the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries . From Deventer he went to the Dominican school at See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne to be taught the Thomist theology, and came in contact with human-ism . He learnt See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek from monks who had been driven out of See also:

• GREECE

Greece, and See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew from some See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . The Thomist theology sent him to study See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, and his Greek See also:

• READING

reading led him to See also:

• PLATO

Plato, See also:

• SOURCES

sources which largely enriched his own theological See also:

• SYSTEM

system . See also:

• INTEREST

Interest in the disputes between the realists and the nominalists in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris induced him to go to that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, where he remained for sixteen years as See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and teacher . There he eventually took the nominalist See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, prompted as much by his mystical See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-ecclesiastical tendencies as by any metaphysical insight; for the nominalists were then the anti-papal party . A See also:

• DESIRE

desire to know more about See also:

• HUMANISM (from Lat. humanus, human, connected with holm)

humanism sent him to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, where in 1470 he was the intimate friend of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian scholars and under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of Cardinals See also:

• BESSARION, JOHANNES

Bessarion and See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis Della Rovere (See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the Franciscan See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and afterwards See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• SIXTUS

Sixtus IV.) . It is said that Sixtus would have gladly made Wessel a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, but that he had no desire for any ecclesiastical preferment . From Rome he returned to Paris, and speedily became a famous teacher, gathering See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round him a See also:

• BAND

band of enthusiastic See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young students, among whom was See also:

• REUCHLIN, JOHANN (1455–1522)

Reuchlin . In 1475 he was at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel and in 1476 at See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg teaching See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy in the university .

As old See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age approached he came to have a growing dislike to the wordy theological strife which surrounded him, and turned away from that university discipline, non studia sacrarum literarum sed studiorum commixtae corruptiones." After See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years of See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic life he went back to his native Groningen, and spent the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his life partly as director in a nuns' See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister there and partly in the convent of St Agnes at Zwolle . He was welcomed as the most renowned scholar of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and it was fabled that he had travelled through all lands, See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt as well as Greece, gathering every-where the fruits of all sciences—" a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of rare erudition," says the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title-See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page of the first edition of his collected See also:

• WORKS

works, " who in the See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of papal darkness was called the See also:

• LIGHT

light of the See also:

• WORLD

world." His remaining years were spent amid a circle of warm admirers, friends and disciples, to whom he imparted the mystical theology, the zeal for higher learning and the deep devotional spirit which characterized his own life . Ile died on the 4th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1489, with the See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession on his lips, " I know only Jesus the crucified." He is buried in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the " Geestlichen Maegden," whose director he had been . Wessel has been called one of the " reformers before the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation," and the title is justifiable if by it is meant a man of deeply spiritual life, who protested against the growing paganizing of the papacy, the superstitious and magical uses of the sacraments, the authority of ecclesiastical tradition, and that tendency in later scholastic theology to See also:

• LAY

lay greater stress, in a See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification, upon the instrumentality of the human will than on the See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ for man's salvation . His own theology was, however, essentially See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval in type, and he never grasped that experimental thought of justification on which Reformation theology rests . See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther in 1521 published a collection of Wessel's writings which had been preserved as See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics by his friends, and said that if he (Luther) had written nothing before he read them, See also:

• PEOPLE

people might well have thought that he had stolen all his ideas from them . The books are of an aphoristical See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, the ideas being rather mechanically 1 His correct name was Wessel Harmens Gansfort (or Ganzevort), the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian name Wessel being a corruption of Basilius, and the surname Gansfort being that of a Westphalian See also:

• VILLAGE

village from which his See also:

• FAMILY

family came . z The collection included De providentia, De causis et effectibus incarnationis et passionis, De dignitate et potestate ecclesiastica, De sacramente, poenitentiae, Quae sit See also:

• VERA, AUGUSTO (1813-1885)

vera communio sanctorum, De purgatorio and a number of letters . arranged, so that it is not possible to single out any one as the centre of the whole system . The authority of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible Wessel would support when necessary, not by the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest but by the divinity See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor . His views on the sacraments anticipated those of See also:

• ZWINGLI, HULDREICH (1484—1531)

Zwingli rather than of Luther . See Vita Wesseli Groningensis, by See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert See also:

• HARDENBERG, KARL AUGUST VON, PRINCE (1750-1822)

Hardenberg, published in an incomplete See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to Wessel's collected works (See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, 1614; this preface also contains extracts from the works of several writers who have given facts about the life of Wessel) ; W .

Muurliag, See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

Corn . Hist . Theol. de Wesseli Gansfortii vita, &c . (1831); K . See also:

• ULLMANN, KARL (1796-1865)

Ullmann, Reformers before the Reformation (the second See also:

• VOLUME

volume of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German edition is a second and enlarged edition of a previous work entitled Johann Wessel, ein Vorgdnger Luthers (1834); J . See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich, Johann Wessel, ein Bild aus der Kirchengeschichte See also:

• DES

des z5ten Jahrhunderts (1862); A . See also:

• RITSCHL, ALBRECHT (1822-1889)
• RITSCHL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1806-1876)

Ritschl, See also:

• HISTORY

History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification and Reconciliation (See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, 1872) ; J . J . Doedes, " Hist.-litterarisches zur Biographic J . Wessels ' in Theol . See also:

• STUD

Stud ien and Kritiken (187o) .