TREATY OF See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• TREATY OF WESTPHALIA

WESTPHALIA  , a collective name given to the two See also:

• TREATIES

treaties concluded on the 24th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1648 by the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire with See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France at See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster and with See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant estates of the empire at See also:

• OSNABRUCK

Osnabruck, by which the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War (q.v.) was brought to an end . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1636 negotiations had been opened at See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne at the instance of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban VIII., supported by the seigniory of See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, but failed owing to the disinclination of See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu to stop the progress of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French arms, and to the refusal of Sweden to treat with the papal See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate . In 1637 the agents of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor began to negotiate at See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg with Sweden, though the See also:

• MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

mediation of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian IV., See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, was rejected by Sweden, and the discussions dragged on for years without result . In the meantime the new emperor See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand III. proposed at the See also:

• DIET

diet of See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg in 164o to extend the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague to the whole empire, on the basis of an See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty, from which, however, those Protestant estates who were still leagued with See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers were to be excluded . His aim was by settling the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal affairs of the empire to exclude the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German princes from participation in negotiations with foreign powers; but these efforts had no result . A more See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion was made by the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte d'Avaux, the French See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy at Hamburg, who proposed in 1641 that the negotiations at Cologne and Hamburg should be transferred to Munster and Osnabruck, two cities in the Westphalian circle not more than 30 M. apart . A preliminary treaty embodying this proposal was concluded between the representatives of the emperor, France and Sweden at Hamburg on the 25th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1641 . A dispute as to See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence between France and Sweden, and the refusal of the latter See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to meet the papal See also:

• NUNCIO

nuncio, made the choice of a single See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place impossible . It was arranged, however, that the two assemblies should be regarded as a single See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress, and that neither should conclude peace without the other . The date fixed for the meeting of the two conventions was the 11th of See also:

• JULY

July 1643, but many months elapsed before all the representatives arrived, and the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of many questions of precedence and See also:

• ETIQUETTE

etiquette caused further delays . See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, Muscovy and See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey were the only See also:

• EUROPEAN

European powers unrepresented . The war continued during the deliberations, which were influenced by its fortunes .

The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief representative of the emperor was See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian on Trautmansdorff, to whose sagacity the conclusion of peace was largely due . The French envoys were nominally under See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• LONGUEVILLE
• LONGUEVILLE, ANNE GENEVIEVE, DUCHESSE DE (1619—1679)

Longueville, but the See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis de See also:

• SABLE
• SABLE, AMERICAN
• SABLE, CHINESE
• SABLE, MADELEINE DE SOUVRE, MARQUISE DE (1599—1678)
• SABLE, RUSSIAN

Sable and the comte d'Avaux were the real agents of France . Sweden was represented by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Oxenstiema, son of the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor, and by John See also:

• ADLER, FELIX (r851- )

Adler Salvius, who had previously acted for Sweden at Hamburg . The papal nuncio was Fabio Chigi, afterwards Pope See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander VII . See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg, represented by Count Johann von Sayn-See also:

• WITTGENSTEIN, LUDWIG ADOLF PETER, COUNT

Wittgenstein, played the foremost See also:

• PART

part among the Protestant states of the empire . On the 1st of See also:

• JUNE

June 1645 France and Sweden brought forward propositions of peace, which were discussed by the estates of the empire from October 1645 to See also:

• APRIL

April 1646 . The settlement of religious matters was effected between See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1646 and See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1648 . The treaty was signed at Munster by the members of both conventions on the 24th of October 1648, and ratifications were exchanged on the 8th of February 1649 . The papal protest of See also:

• JANUARY

January 3, 1655, was disregarded . The results were determined in the first place by the support given to each other by France and Sweden in their demands for indemnification, the concession of which necessitated See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation to the German states affected, and secondly by the determination of France to weaken the power of the emperor while strengthening the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic states, especially See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria . Sweden received western See also:

• POMERANIA (German, Pommern)

Pomerania with Rtigen and the mouths of the See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder, See also:

• WISMAR

Wismar and Poel, in See also:

• MECKLENBURG

Mecklenburg, and the lands of the archbishopric of See also:

• BREMEN

Bremen and the bishopric of See also:

• VERDEN

Verden, together with an See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity of 5,000,000 thalers . The privileges of the See also:

• FREE

Free Towns were preserved .

Sweden thus obtained See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the Baltic and a footing on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, and became an See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of the empire with three deliberative voices in the diet . The elector of Brandenburg received the greater part of eastern Pomerania, and, as he had a claim on the whole duchy since the See also:

• DEATH

death of the last duke in 1635, he was indemnified by the bishoprics of See also:

• HALBERSTADT

Halberstadt, See also:

• MINDEN

Minden and See also:

• KAMMIN, or CAMMIN

Kammin, and the reversion of the archbishopric of See also:

• MAGDEBURG

Magdeburg, which came to him on the death of the See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, in 1680 . The elector of Saxony was allowed to retain See also:

• LUSATIA (Ger. Lausitz)

Lusatia . As compensation for Wismar, Mecklenburg-See also:

• SCHWERIN
• SCHWERIN, KURT CHRISTOPH, COUNT VON (1684–1757)

Schwerin obtained the bishoprics of Schwerin and Ratzeburg and some lands of the Knights of St John . See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick-See also:

• LUNEBURG

Luneburg restored See also:

• HILDESHEIM

Hildesheim to the elector of Cologne, and gave Minden to Brandenburg, but obtained the alternate See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the bishopric of Osnabruck and the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church lands of Walkenried and See also:

• GRONINGEN

Groningen . See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse-See also:

• CASSEL
• CASSEL, or KASSEL

Cassel received the prince-abbacy of See also:

• HERSFELD

Hersfeld, the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Schaumburg, &c . The elector of Bavaria was confirmed in his See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the Upper See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

Palatinate, and in his position as an elector which he had obtained in 1623 . See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, the son and See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick V., the count See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, who had been placed under the See also:

• BAN

ban of the empire, received back the See also:

• LOWER

Lower Palatinate, and a new electorate, the eighth, was created for him . France obtained the recognition of the See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty (which she had enjoyed de facto since 1552) over the bishoprics and cities of See also:

• METZ

Metz, See also:

• TOUL

Toul and See also:

• VERDUN

Verdun, See also:

• PINEROLO

Pinerolo in See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont, the See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• BREISACH, or ALTBREISACH

Breisach, the landgraviate of Upper and Lower See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace, the Sundgau, the advocacy (Landvogtei) of the ten imperial cities in Alsace, and the right to See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison See also:

• PHILIPPSBURG

Philippsburg . During the Thirty Years' War France had professed to be fighting against the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, and not against the empire . It was stipulated that the immediate possessions of the empire in Alsace should remain in enjoyment of their liberties (in See also:

• EA(nar...), (p.s„,.,.)
• EA(psr...), (p, „...)• (pqr...)

ea libertate et possessione immedietatis erga imperium Romanum, qua hactenus gavisae sunt), but it was added as a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that the sovereignty of France in the territories ceded to her should not be impaired (ita tamen, ut praesenti hac declaratione nihil detractatum intelligatur de eo omni supremi dominii lure, quod supra concessum eat) . The intention of France was to acquire the full rights of Austria in Alsace, but as Austria had never owned the landgraviate of Lower Alsace, and the Landvogtei of the ten free cities did not in itself imply possession, the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door was See also:

• LEFT

left open for disputes .

Louis XIV. afterwards availed himself of this ambiguous clause in support of his aggressive policy on the Rhine . The See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland was at last formally recognized, as was that of the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands in a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate treaty signed by See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain at Munster . Apart from these territorial changes, a universal and unconditional amnesty to all those who had been deprived of their possessions was declared, and it was decreed that all See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular lands should be restored to those who had held them in 1618 . Some exceptions were made in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the hereditary dominions of the emperor . Even more important than the territorial redistribution was the ecclesiastical settlement . By the See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation of the treaty of See also:

• PASSAU

Passau of 1552 and the religious peace of See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg of 1555, and the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of their provisions to the Reformed (Calvinist) Church, See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration was secured for the three See also:

• GREAT

great religious communities of the empire . Within these limits the governments were See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to allow at least private See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience and the right of See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration, but these See also:

• MEASURES

measures of toleration were not extended to the hereditary lands of the house of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg . The Protestant minority in the imperial diet was not to be coerced by the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority, but religious questions were to be decided by amicable agreement . Protestant administrators of church lands obtained seats in the diet . Religious parity was established in the imperial chamber (Reichskammergericht), and in the imperial deputations and commissions . The difficult question of the ownership of spiritual lands was decided by a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise . The See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of restitution of 1629 was annulled .

In See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg, See also:

• BADEN
• BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF

Baden and the Palatinate these lands were restored to the persons who had held them in 1618 or their successors, but for the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the empire possession was determined by the fact of occupation on the 1st of January 1624 (annus decretorius or normal See also:

• YEAR

year) . By the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision that a prince should forfeit his lands if he changed his See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion an obstacle was placed in the way of a further spread of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation . The See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration that all protests or vetoes by whomsoever pronounced should be null and void dealt a See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow at the intervention of the Roman See also:

• CURIA

curia in German affairs . The constitutional changes made by the treaty had far-reaching effects . The territorial sovereignty of the states of the empire was recognized . They were empowered to See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract treaties with one another and with foreign powers, provided that the emperor and the empire suffered no See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice . By this and other changes the princes of the empire became See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute sovereigns in their own dominions . The emperor and the diet were left with a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of their former power . The emperor could not pronounce the ban of the empire without the consent of the diet . The diet, in which the 61 imperial cities gained the right of voting on all imperial business, and thus were put on an equality with the princes, retained its legislative and fiscal powers in name, but practically lost them by the requirement of unanimity among the three colleges, which, moreover, were not to give their several decisions by majorities of their members, but by agreement between them . Not only was the central authority replaced almost entirely by the sovereignty of about 300 princes, but the power of the empire was materially weakened in other ways . It lost about 40,000 sq. m. of territory, and obtained a frontier against France which was incapable of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence .

Sweden and France as guarantors of the peace acquired the right of interference in the affairs of the empire, and the former gained a See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice in its See also:

• COUNCILS

councils . For many years See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany thus became the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre of European See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy and war . But if the treaty of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia pronounced the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the old See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in the empire, it facilitated the growth of new powers in its component parts, especially Austria, Bavaria and Brandenburg . The treaty was recognized as a fundamental See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of the German constitution, and formed the basis of all subsequent treaties until the dissolution of the empire . See the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text in See also:

• DUMONT
• DUMONT, ANDRE HUBERT (1809-1857)
• DUMONT, FRANCOIS (1751-1831)
• DUMONT, JEAN (d. 1726)
• DUMONT, PIERRE ETIENNE LOUIS (1759-1829)

Dumont, See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

Corps universel diplomalique (The See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague, 1726-1731), vi . 429 if.; J . G. von Meiern, Acta pacis Westphalicae publica (6 vols., See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover and See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1734-1736), Instrunzenta pacis Caesareo-Suecicae et Caesareo-Gallicae (Gottingen, 1738) ; " A . A . " [See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam Adami], Arcana pacis Westphalicae (See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

Frank-fort, 1698), edited by J . G. von Meiern (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1737) ; K . T . See also:

• HEIGEL, KARL AUGUST VON (1835-1905)

Heigel, " Das Westfalische Friedenswerk von 1643—1648 " in the Zeitschriftfur Geschichte and Politik (1888) ; F .

See also:

• PHILIPPI (Turk. Filibejik)

Philippi and others, Der Westfalische Frieden, ein Gedenkbuch (Munster, 1898) ; See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal du Congres de Munster See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par F . Ogier, aumonier du comte d'Avaux,edited by A . Boppe (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1893) ; See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge See also:

• MODERN

Modern See also:

• HISTORY

History, iv. p . 395 if. and bibliography, p . 866 ff.; J . See also:

• BRYCE, JAMES (1838- )

Bryce, The See also:

• HOLY

Holy Roman Empire, ch. xix . (A . B .