WHITEHAVEN  , a municipal and See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough, seaport and See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, 41 M . S.W. of See also:

• CARLISLE
• CARLISLE, EARLS OF

Carlisle . Pop . (1901) 19,324 . It lies mainly in a valley opening upon the Irish See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, with high ground to See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, and is served by the See also:

• LONDON

London & North-Western, the See also:

• COCKERMOUTH

Cockermouth, See also:

• KESWICK

Keswick & See also:

• PENRITH

Penrith and the See also:

• FURNESS
• FURNESS, HORACE HOWARD (1833– )

Furness See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways . The See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour is protected by two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main piers, of which the western is a See also:

• FINE

fine structure by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• RENNIE, JOHN (1761–1821)

Rennie, and divided into four parts by others; it has a wet See also:

• DOCK

dock and extensive quayage . See also:

• REGULAR

Regular passenger communications are maintained with the Isle of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man . The exports are principally See also:

• COAL

coal, See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and ore, See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel and See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone . The See also:

• PORT

port was made subordinate to that of See also:

• MARYPORT

Maryport in 1892 . There are collieries near the town, the workings extending beneath the sea; there are also iron mines and See also:

• WORKS

works, See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering works, See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding yards, breweries, tanneries, stone quarries, See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and earthenware works, and other See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial establishments in and near the town . The parliamentary borough returns one member . The municipal borough is under a See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors .

See also:

• AREA

Area 1810 acres . Whitehaven (Witofthaven) was an insignificant See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the priory of St See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

Bee which became See also:

• CROWN

crown See also:

• PROPERTY

property at the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the religious houses . It was acquired before 1644 by relatives of the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• LONSDALE, EARLS OF
• LONSDALE, WILLIAM (1994-1871)

Lonsdale, who secured the prosperity of the town by working the coal-mines . From 1708 the harbour was governed by twenty-one trustees, whose See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was extended and municipalized by frequent legislation, until, in 1885, they were incorporated . In 1894 this See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government by incorporated trustees gave See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to that of a municipal See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation created by See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter in that See also:

• YEAR

year . The harbour was entrusted to fifteen commissioners . Since the Reform See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1832 Whitehaven has returned one representative to See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . A weekly market and yearly fairs were granted to Sir John Lowther in 1660; two fairs were held in 1888; and the market days are now Tuesday, See also:

• THURSDAY

Thursday and Saturday . Whitehaven coal was sent chiefly to See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland in the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . In the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 19th century other exports were See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, freestone, and See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain; See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• INDIAN

Indian, See also:

• AMERICAN

American and Baltic produce, Irish See also:

• FLAX

flax and Welsh pig iron were imported, and shipbuilding was a growing See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones, the notorious buccaneer, served his See also:

• APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship at the port, which in 1778 he successfully raided, burning three vessels .