See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM OF See also:

• MALMESBURY
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HARRIS, IST EARL OF (1746-1820)
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HOWARD HARRIS, 3RD EARL OF (1807-1889)

MALMESBURY (c. ,o8o–c. 1143)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English historian of the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born about the See also:

• YEAR

year 1o8o, in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . He had See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French as well as English See also:

• BLOOD

blood in his See also:

• VEINS

veins, but he appears to have spent his whole See also:

• LIFE

life in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and the best years of it as a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk at See also:

• MALMESBURY
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HARRIS, IST EARL OF (1746-1820)
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HOWARD HARRIS, 3RD EARL OF (1807-1889)

Malmesbury . His tastes were See also:

• LITERARY

literary, and the earliest fact which he records of his career is that he assisted See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

Abbot See also:

• GODFREY, SIR EDMUND BERRY (1621-1678)

Godfrey (ro81–11o5) in See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting a library for the use of the community . The See also:

• EDUCATION

education which he received at Malmesbury included a smattering of See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic and physics; but moral See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy and See also:

• HISTORY

history, especially the latter, were the subjects to which he devoted most See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . Later he made for himself a collection of the histories of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign countries, from See also:

• READING

reading which he conceived an ambition to produce a popular See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of English history, modelled on the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• BEDE, BEDA, or B
• BEDE, CUTHBERT

Bede . In fulfilment of this See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William produced about 1120 the first edition of his Gesta regum, which at once gave him a reputation . It was followed by the first edition of the Gesta pontificum (1125) . Subsequently the author turned aside to write on theological subjects . A second edition of the Gesta regum (1127) was dedicated to See also:

• EARL

Earl See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert of See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester, whose literary tastes made him an appreciative See also:

• PATRON

patron . William also formed an acquaintance with See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury, who had a See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle at Malmesbury . It may have been due to these See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends that he was offered the abbacy of Malmesbury in 1140 . But he preferred to remain a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple bibliothecarius .

His one public See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance was made at the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester (1141), in which the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy declared for the empress See also:

• MATILDA (1046-1115)
• MATILDA (1102-1164)

Matilda . About this date he undertook to write the Historia novella, giving an account of events since 1125 . This work breaks off abruptly at the end of 1142, with an unfulfilled promise that it will be continued . Presumably William died before he could redeem his See also:

• PLEDGE

pledge . He is the best English historian of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . The See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good Latin See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, he shows literary instincts Which are, for his time, remarkably See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound . But his contempt for the annalistic See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form makes him at times careless in his See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology and arbitrary in his method of arranging his material; he not infrequently flies off at a tangent to relate stories which have little or no connexion with the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main narrative; his See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty is too often allowed to See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie dormant . His researches were by no means profound; he gives us less of the history of his own time than we have a right to expect—far less, for example, than Orderic . He is, however, an authority of considerable value from ,o66 onwards; many telling anecdotes, many shrewd judgments on persons and events, can be gleaned from his pages . Printed See also:

• WORKS

Works.--The Gesta regum covers, in its final form, the years 449–1127 . But the later recensions add little, beyond fulsome dedications to Earl Robert, to the edition of 1120 . The See also:

• SOURCES

sources used are not always easy to trace .

But for the pre-See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period William had at his disposal the works of Bede, See also:

• ADO (d. 874)

Ado of See also:

• VIENNE
• VIENNE, COUNCIL OF

Vienne and William of Jumieges; one or more English See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles similar to the extant " See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester " and " See also:

• PETERBOROUGH

Peterborough " texts; See also:

• ASSER, or ASSERIUS MENEVENSIS (d. c. 910)

Asser's life of See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred, and a metrical See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of EEthelstan; the chronicles of S . Riquier and Fontanelle; a collection of tales See also:

• RELATING

relating to the reign of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III.; and the lives of various See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints . For the life of William I. he draws on William of See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers; for the first crusade he mainly follows See also:

• FULCHER (or FoucriEa) OF CHARTRES (Io58-c. 1130)

Fulcher of See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres; his knowledge of See also:

• ANSELM
• ANSELM (c. 1033-1109)

Anselm's primacy comes mainly from See also:

• EADMER, or EDMER (c. 1o6o-c. 1124)

Eadmer; and at least up to 1 too, he makes use of an English See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle . The fifth and last See also:

• BOOK

book, dealing with the reign of Henry I., is chiefly remarkable for its desultoriness and an obvious See also:

• DESIRE

desire to make the best See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case for that monarch, whose treatment of Anselm he prudently ascribes to Robert of Meulan (d. i118) . Both in this work and in the Gesta pontifcum the later recensions are remarkable for the omission of certain passages which might give offence to those in high places . The deleted sentences usually relate to eminent persons; they some-times repeat See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal, sometimes give the author's own See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion . The Gesta pontifcum gives accounts of the several English See also:

• SEES

sees and their bishops, from the beginning to about 1120; the later recensions continue the work, in See also:

• PART

part, to 114o . Many saints of the south and midlands are also noticed . This work, like the Gesta regum, contains five books; the fifth relates the life and miracles of St See also:

• ALDHELM (c. 640-709)

Aldhelm of Malmesbury, and is based upon the biography by Abbot Faricius; it is less useful than books i.-iv., which are of the greatest value to the ecclesiastical historian . The Historia novella is annalistic in form . It was projected soon after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln, as an See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

apology for the supporters of the empress . The author embarks on See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• PLEADING (Fr. plaider, plaidoyer)

pleading in favour of Earl Robert and Bishop Roger of Salisbury, but shows a certain liking for the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, whose case he states with studious fairness .

The See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical works of William of Malmesbury were edited by See also:

• SAVILE, SIR G
• SAVILE, SIR GEORGE (1726-1784)
• SAVILE, SIR HENRY (1549–1622)

Savile in his Scriptores See also:

• POST

post Bedam (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1596) ; but the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of that edition is full of errors . See also:

• SIR

Sir T . D . See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

Hardy edited the Gesta region and Historia novella for the English Historical Society in 184o, and put the See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of the See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts on a sound basis . But the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard edition of these works is that of W . See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs in the " Rolls " See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series (1 vol., in 2, 1887–1889); the second part of this edition contains a valuable introduction on the sources and value of the chronicler . The Gesta pontificum has been edited for the " Rolls " series by N . G . S . A . See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton (London, 1870) from a See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript which he was the first to identify as the archetype . Another work, De antiquitate Glastoniensis ecclesiae (A.D .

63-1126), is printed in See also:

• GALE
• GALE, THEOPHILUS (1628-1678)
• GALE, THOMAS (?1636-17o2)

Gale's Scriptores XV . (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1691) . See also:

• WHARTON (FAMILY)
• WHARTON, FRANCIS (1820–1889)
• WHARTON, HENRY (1664–1695)

Wharton in the second See also:

• VOLUME

volume of his Anglia sacra (London, 1691) gives considerable portions of a life of \Vulfstan which is an amplified See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of an Anglo-Saxon biography . Finally Stubbs in his Memorials of St See also:

• DUNSTAN, SAINT (924 or 925-g88)

Dunstan (" Rolls " series, London, 1874) prints a Vita S . Dunstani which was written about 1126 . Lin printed Extant Works.—Among these are Miracles of the Virgin; See also:

• LIBER

Liber super explanatiozzem lamentationum Yeremiae prophetae; an abridgment of Amalarius' De divinis offzciis; De dictis et factis memorabilibus philosophorum; an See also:

• EPITOME
• EPITOME (Gr. lircroui, from isrLTEµveW, to cut short)

epitome of the Ilistoria of Haymo of See also:

• FLEURY [ABRAHAM JOSEPH BENARD] (1750-.1822)
• FLEURY, ANDRE HERCULE DE (1653-1743)
• FLEURY, CLAUDE (1640-1723)

Fleury and some other works, historical and legal (autograph in the Bodleian) ; Lives of the English Saints . The See also:

• MSS

MSS. of these works are to be found partly in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum, partly in the Bodleian . Lost Works.—A Vita Sancti Patricii and Miracula Sancti Benigni are mentioned in the See also:

• PROLOGUE (from Gr. 7rpo, before, and Myer, a word)

prologue to the book on See also:

• GLASTONBURY

Glastonbury; a metrical life of Stlfgyfu is quoted in the Gesta pontifzcum; Chronica tribus libellis are mentioned in the prologue to the Historia novella, and a fragment of them is apparently preserved in the Brit . See also:

• MUS

Mus . See also:

• LANSDOWNE
• LANSDOWNE, WILLIAM PETTY FITZMAURICE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1737-18o5)

Lansdowne MS . 436 . See also:

• LELAND (LEYLAND Or LAYLONDE), JOHN (c. 1506-1552)
• LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY (1824-1903)
• LELAND, JOHN (1691–1766)

Leland gives extracts from an See also:

• ITINERARIUM (i.e. road-book, from Lat. iter, road)

Itinerarium Johannis abbatis, describing the See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey of Abbot See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome in 1 140 (Leland, Collectanea, iii .

272) . (H . W . C .