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WILLIAM OF WYKEHAM (1323-1404)
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1343
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Wykeham has been credited (Gent
.
See also:Hag. lxxxv
.
189) with the living of Irstead, See also:Norfolk, of the king's See also:gift on the 12th of See also:July 1349
.
But apart from the fact that this Wykeham is described in the See also: See also:Lib . H . 249) . On the loth of See also:November (not See also:December as See also:Lowth, Life of Wykeham, 14) Edyndon, by a See also:letter dated at See also:London, appointed William of Wykeham, clerk (not " my clerk " as See also:Kirby, Archaeol . 57, 11 . 292, where the See also:deed is also misdated 1353), his attorney to take seisin of lands in Meonstoke Tour, Hants, which he had bought from Alice de See also:Roche, daughter of William of Tour (ibid. f . 250) . These lands were afterwards bought by Wykeham and given to Winchester College . On the 14th of April 1353 (Claus . 29 E . III . M .
29 d) Wykeham served as attorney of John of Foxle, of Bramshill, Hants, son of Thomas of Foxle, constable of See also:Windsor Castle, in acknowledging See also:payment of a See also:debt due from John of See also:Dalton, sheriff of See also:Somerset and of Hants
.
On the 15th of April 1356 schedules touching the New See also:Forest and other forests in Hants and Wilts were delivered out of the See also:Tower of London to William of Wykeham- to take to the justices in eyre (Claus
.
30 E
.
III. m
.
19 d)
.
In the same See also:year on the 24th of See also:August Peteratte-Wode and William of Wykeham, clerk, were appointed keepers of the rolls and writs in the eyre for the forests of Hants and Wilts, of which Henry Sturmy was one of the justices
.
On the loth of May 1356 Wykeham first appears in the See also:direct employment of the king, being appointed clerk of the king's See also:works in the manors of See also:Henley and Yeshampsted (Easthampstead) to pay all outgoings and expenses, including See also:wages of masons and carpenters and other workmen, the See also:purchase of See also: Brit . See also:Eccles. ed . 1729, p . 385), relates that Wykeham nearly got into trouble for inscribing on it, " This made Wickam," which he only escaped by explaining that it did not mean that Wykeham made the tower, but that the tower was the making of Wykeham . But Wykeham had nothing to do with See also:building either the Round Tower or the Round Table . The Round Tower, called the High Tower in Wykeham's day, is the See also:Norman Keep . It was being refitted for apartments for the king and queen a little before Wykeham's See also:time, and his first accounts include the last items for its See also:internal decoration, including 28 stained See also:glass windows . The Round Table, a building 200 ft. in See also:diameter for the knights of the Round Table, who preceded the knights of the Garter, had been built in 1344 (Chron . Angl . " Rolls " ser . No . 61, p .
17) when Wykeham had nothing to do with Windsor
.
The inscription, " This made Wykeham," did exist on a small square tower in the See also:Middle See also:Bailey formerly known as Wykeham Tower, now entirely rebuilt with the inscription recopied and known as Winchester Tower
.
But it could hardly be of sufficient importance to cause Wykeham to See also:play the See also:sphinx, and the story is apparently due to the Elizabethan love of quips
.
All that was built during the five years, 1356 to 1361, when Wykeham was clerk of the works, were the new royal apartments, two long halls and some See also:chambers in the upper See also: Under Wykeham, William of Wynford, who appears in 1360 as " appareller " under Sponle, in 1361 became chief mason and ordinator, and he was probably what we should See also:call the architect of the Great Gate, the See also:rest of which was built under Wykeham's supervision . For wherever we find Wykeham building afterwards, we find Wynford as chief mason . When Wykeham was See also:provost of See also:Wells, Wynford was retained as architect on the 1st of See also:February 1364–1365 at a fee of 40S. a year and 6d. a day when in Wells (Wells, Lib . Abb. f . 253) . He was architect to See also:Abingdon See also:Abbey (at a fee of £3, 6s . 8d. and a furred robe) in 1375–1376 when the existing See also:Outer Gate of the abbey was built (Abingdon Obed . Acc . Camd . See also:Soc., 1892) . He was chief mason for Wykeham's works at Winchester See also:Cathedral and for Winchester College, where his portrait may be seen in the east window of the chapel, and where his See also:contract with the clerk of the works, an ex-See also:scholar of the college, for the building of the outer gate, is still preserved . The ascription to Wykeham of the invention of the Perpendicular See also:style of See also:medieval See also:architecture is now an abandoned theory . In so far as he gave See also:vogue to that style the See also:credit must be given to William of Wynford, not to William of Wykeham . At all events he had very little to do with building Windsor Castle . How far he really was responsible for the other great castle attributed to him, that of See also:Queenborough Castle in the Isle of See also:Sheppey, cannot be tested, as the building accounts for it are only partially extant . The See also:account from the 1st of November 1361 to 1362 shows See also:Simon of Bradstede, clerk of the works, then expending £1773, of which £loci was received by the hands of William of Wykeham at the See also:exchequer, and that from 1369 shows See also:Bernard Cokles, clerk of the works, expending £2306 . The chief See also:evidence cited in support of the theory that Wykeham owed his See also:advancement to his skill as an architect is the remark in a See also:tract Why Poor Priests have no benefices that " Lords will not See also:present a clerk able of cunning of See also:God's See also:law and See also:good life and See also:holy ensample . . . but a See also:kitchen clerk or a See also:fancy clerk or See also:wise in building castles or worldly doing, though he cannot well read his psalter." This tract has been attributed to Wycliffe, but without adequate authority, and it is thought to be of later date, and if Wykeham is meant by the castle-building clerk it only shows that popular repute is no See also:guide to fact . That Wykeham, who was clearly an extremely good See also:man of business, should, when clerk of the works, have played a considerable See also:part in determining what works should be done and the See also:general See also:character of the buildings with which he was connected, we may believe; but to think that this attorney and notary, this keeper of the king's See also:dogs (loth Aug . 1356, See also:Devon's Issues of the Exchequer, 163) and of the king's forests, this See also:carrier of rolls and paymaster at the exchequer, was also the architect of Windsor and Queenborough Castles, of Winchester Cathedral and College, is to credit Wykeham with a superhuman See also:combination of knowledge, of training and of functions . That he gave great See also:satisfaction to the king when once he was appointed surveyor at Windsor in 1356 is unquestionable . He is first called king's clerk on the 14th of November 1357, when he was given 1s. a day, beyond the wages he was already receiving for his offices at Windsor and elsewhere, " until peacefully advanced to some See also:benefice." Ecclesiastical benefices were the chief means by which, before the See also:Reformation, the See also:civil servants of the See also:crown were paid for services which, being clerical, were also ecclesiastical, and for which the settled stipends were wholly inadequate . In his See also:accumulation of benefices Wykeham seems to have distanced all his predecessors and successors, except perhaps John Maunsell, the chancellor of Henry III., and Thomas Wilsey, the chancellor of Henry VIII., the latter being a pluralist not in canonries and livings but in bishoprics . Wykeham's first benefice was the rectory of Pulham, the richest in Norfolk, See also:worth £53 a year, or some £1600 of our See also:money, to which he was presented on the 3oth of November 1357• But this was not a " peaceful " advancement, for it was only in the king's patronage by See also:reason of the temporalities of the see of See also:Ely having been seized into the king's hands the year before, on account of the bishop being implicated in certain murders and robberies, which he denied, contesting the king's See also:action in the papal court . On the 16th of April 1359 the king gave Wykeham a See also:pension of £20 a year from the exchequer until he could obtain peaceful See also:possession of Pulham . On this, and what may have been a similarly contested presentation to the canonry and prebend of Flixton in See also:Lichfield cathedral on the 1st of March 1359, repeated on the 22nd of August 136o, and supported by a See also:mandate to the new bishop on the 29th of See also:January 1361, Wykeham's latest biographer (George See also:Herbert See also:Moberly, Life of Wykeham, 1887, 2nd ed., 1893) has built an elaborate story of Wykeham's advancement being opposed by the See also:pope because he was the See also:leader of a See also:national party against papal authority in See also:England . The baselessness of this is clear when we find that Wykeham had obtained from See also:Innocent VI., on the 27th of January 1357, an See also:indulgence to choose his own See also:confessor (Cal . Pap . Reg.), and on the 8th of July 1358 (Cal . Pap . Pet. i . 331) asked arid obtained a papal See also:provision to this very church of Pulham on the ground that it had passed to the pope's patronage by the promotion of -its former possessor to the see of London . In spite of papal and royal authority, it is doubtful whether Wykeham obtained peaceful possession of Pulham till again presented to it by the king on the loth of July 1361 after the bishop of Ely's See also:death . The difficulty as to the prebend of Flixton was no doubt something of the same See also:kind . Between bishop, pope and king the next vacant prebend in every great church was generally promised two or three deep before it wasvacant, and the episcopal and See also:chapter registers are full of the contests which ensued . Wykeham's civil offices rapidly increased . On the Ides (15th) of March 1359 a French See also:fleet sacked See also:Winchelsea, carrying off the See also:women and girls . On the loth of July 1359 Wykeham was made chief keeper and surveyor, not only of Windsor, but of the castles of See also:Dover, See also:Hadley and See also:Leeds (See also:Kent), and of the manors of Foliejohn, See also:Eton, See also:Guildford, See also:Kennington, Sheen (now See also:Richmond), Eltham and Langly and their parks, with power to repair them and to pay for workmen and materials . On the loth of February 136o, when another French invasion was feared, the See also:bailiff of See also:Sandwich was ordered to send all the See also:lead he had to Wykeham for the works at Dover . In April the sheriffs of four batches of counties were each ordered to send See also:forty masons to Wykeham at Windsor This secular activity was rewarded by presentation to the deanery of St Martin-le-Grand, with an order for See also:induction on the 21st of May, on which day he was commissioned to inquire by a See also:jury of men of Kent into the defects of the walls and tower of Dover (Pat . 34 E . III. pt. i . M . 12) . On the 15th of August he was directed to See also:hand over £40 given him for the purpose, to a successor, the treaty of Bre'tigny having been made meanwhile and confirmed at See also:Calais with Wykeham as one of the witnesses on the 24th of October . In January 1361 building work at Windsor was vigorously resumed, and again the sheriffs were ordered to contribute their quotas of 40 freestone masons and 40 cementarii to Wykeham's See also:charge . On the 13th of February, on the See also:joint See also:petition of the See also:kings of England and of See also:France, the pope " provided " Wykeham to a canonry and dignity at See also:Lincoln, notwithstanding his deanery and a prebend at See also:Llandaff . On the 2nd of April four commissioners were appointed to superintend the construction of the new castle ordered in the Isle of Sheppey, which when finished was called Queenborough, the purchases and payments, not the works, being under the beloved clerk, Wykeham . In this year came the second visitation of the See also:Black Death, the Second See also:Plague, as it was called, and carried off four bishops and several magnates, with many clerics, whose vacated preferments were poured on Wykeham . The bishop of See also:Hereford being dead, on the 12th of July 1361, the king presented Wykeham to a prebend in Hereford cathedral, and on the 24th of July to one in Bromyard collegiate church; the bishop of St See also:David's being dead, prebends in the collegiate churches of Abergwilly and Llandewybrewi were given him on the 16th of July . On the lrth of August the pope, on the king's See also:request, provided him with a prebend in St See also:Andrew's See also:Auckland collegiate church . This Mr Moberly curiously misrepresents as action against Wykeham . He in fact never obtained possession of it, probably because the pope had already " provided " it to Robert of Stretton, a papal chaplain, who, however, asked in January 1362 for a canonry at Lincoln instead, because he was "in fear and terror of a certain William of Wykeham." On the 24th of See also:September 1361 the king gave Wykeham a prebend in See also:Beverley Minster, on the 1st of October the prebend of Oxgate in St See also:Paul's (which he exchanged for Tattenhall on the loth of December), on the 22nd of November a prebend in St David's cathedral, on the loth of December a prebend in Wherwell Abbey, Hants . So far the Patent Rolls . The See also:Salisbury records show him also adrnitted to a prebend there on the 16th of August, which he exchanged for other prebends on the 9th and 15th of October . All these clerical preferments Wykeham held when he was a See also:simple clerk, who had no doubt undergone the " first See also:tonsure," but was not even ordained an See also:acolyte till the 5th of December of this See also:golden year . He added to his civil offices during the year that of clerk (oficiurn cirogrofie) of the exchequer on the 24th of October . On the 9th of October he acted as attorney to the king in the purchase of the manor of Thunderley, See also:Essex . Next year, 1362, he entered holy orders, being ordained subdeacon on the 12th of March and See also:priest on the 12th of June; and adding to his canonries and prebends one in See also:Shaftesbury Abbey on the 15th of July and another in Lincoln cathedral on the loth of August . Wykeham meanwhile was acting as keeper of the forests See also:south of See also:Trent and as a trustee for Juliana, countess of See also:Huntingdon . 
Next year, 1363, he was made a canon of the collegiate church in See also:Hastings Castle on the 3rd of February, and of the royal chapel of St See also:Stephen's, Westminster, then newly founded, or re-founded, on the 21st of April He obtained the archdeaconry of See also:Northampton on the 26th of April, and resigned it on the 12th of June, having been promoted to that of Lincoln, the richest of all his preferments, on the 23rd of May . On the 31st of October he was made a canon of See also:York, and on the 15th of December provost of the fourteen prebends of See also:Combe in Wells cathedral, while at some date unknown he obtained also prebends in Bridgenorth collegiate church and St See also:Patrick's, See also:Dublin, and the rectory of Menheniot in See also:Cornwall . On the 5th of May 1364 he became privy See also:seal, and in June is addressed by the new pope, See also:Urban V., as king's secretary . On the 14th of March 1365 he was given 20S. a day from the exchequer " notwithstanding that he is living in the household." He was so much the king's factotum that See also:Froissart (i . 249) says " a priest called Sir William de Wican reigned in England . . . by him everything was done and without him they did nothing." In fact, as privy seal he was practically See also:prime See also:minister, as Thomas See also:Cromwell was after-wards to Henry VIII . On the 7th of October 1366, William Edingdon, the treasurer of England and bishop of Winchester, died; on the 13th of October Wykeham was recommended by the king to the chapter of monks of St See also:Swithun's cathedral priory and elected bishop . A long story has been made out of Pope Urban V.'s delay in the recognition of Wykeham, which has been conjectured to have been because of his nationalist proclivities . But little more than the See also:ordinary delays took See also:place . On the 1st of December the king, " for a large sum of money paid down," gave Wykeham, not only the custody of the temporalities of the see, but all the profits from the day of Edingdon's death . On the 11th the pope granted him the See also:administration of the spiritualities . The papal court was then moving from See also:Avignon to See also:Rome, and on the 14th of July 1367 the See also:bull of " provision " issued at See also:Viterbo .
Wykeham was in no See also:hurry himself, as it was not till the loth of October 1367 that he was consecrated, nor till the 9th of July 1368, after the See also:war See also:parliament which met on the 3rd of June had been dissolved on the loth of June, that he was enthroned
.
Meanwhile he had been made chancellor on the 17th of September 1367—thus at the See also:age of forty-three he held the richest ecclesiastical, and the best-paid civil, office it the See also:kingdom at the same time
.
The war in France was disastrous, how far through Wykeham's See also:fault we have no means of knowing
.
When parliament again met in 1371, the blame was laid on the clerical ministers, under the influence of Wycliffe
.
He had been born in the same year as Wykeham, and like him had profited by papal provisions to prebends in 1361, but had since led an attack on papal and clerical abuses
.
Parliament demanded that laymen only should be chancellor, treasurer, privy seal and See also: 5) he See also:purchased the estates of Sir John of Boarhunt, near Southwick, with which he endowed a See also:chantry in Southwick Priory for his parents . Next year he began buying lands in Upsomborne, Hants, which he gave to Winchester College, and in See also:Oxford, which he gave to New College . On the 1st of September 1373 he entered into an agreement (Episc . Reg. iii . 98) with Master Richard of Herton " gramaticus " for ten years faithfully to See also:teach and instruct the poor scholara, whom the bishop maintained at his own cost, in the See also:art of grammar, and to provide an See also:usher to help him . Mean-while the war with France was even more unsuccessful under the See also:lay See also:ministry and John of Gaunt . In the parliament of 1373 Wykeham was named by the See also:Commons as one of the eight peers to treat with them on the See also:state of the See also:realm . In the parliamentwhich met on the 12th of February 1376, Lord See also:Latimer and Alice See also:Perrers, the king's See also:mistress, a See also:lady of good birth, and not (as the mendacious St Albans chronicler alleged) the ugly but persuasive daughter of a tiler, were impeached, and Wykeham took a leading part against Latimer, even to the extent of opposing his being allowed counsel . At the See also:dissolution of parliament a See also:council of nine, of whom Wykeham was one, was appointed to assist the king . But on the 8th of June the Black See also:Prince died . Alice Perrers returned . John of Gaunt called a council on the 16th of October to impeach Wykeham on articles which alleged misapplication of the revenues, oppressive fines on the leaders of the free companies, taking bribes for the See also:release of the royal French prisoners, especially of the See also:duke of See also:Bourbon, who helped to make him bishop, failing to send See also:relief to Ponthieu and making illegal profits by buying up crown debts cheap .
He was condemned on one only, that of halving a See also:fine of £8o paid by Sir John See also:Grey of Rotherfield for See also:licence to alienate lands, and tampering with the rolls of See also:chancery to conceal the transaction
.
Wykeham's See also:answer was that he had reduced the fine because it was too large, and that he had received nothing for doing so
.
Skipwith, a See also:judge of the See also:common pleas, cited a statute under which for any erasure in the rolls to the deceit of the king roo marks fine was imposed for every See also:penny, and so Wykeham owed 960,000 marks
.
Wykeham was convicted, and on the 17th of November his revenues were seized and bestowed on the 15th of March 1377 on the See also:young prince Richard, and he was ordered not to come within 20 M. of the king
.
He " See also:brake up household
.
. . sending also to Oxford, whear upon almose and for God's See also:sake he found 70 scoliers, that they should depart to their frendis for he could no longer help or finde them " (Clzron
.
Anngliae, lxxx.)
.
But when See also:convocation met in 1377 the bishops refused to proceed to business without Wykeham, and he was fetched back from Waverley Abbey
.
He was exempted, however, from the general See also:pardon issued on the occasion of See also:Edward III.'s See also:jubilee
.
But on the 13th of June the prince restored his temporalities, on See also:condition of his maintaining three galleys with 5o men-at-arms and 50 archers for three months, or providing the wages of 300 men
.
The St Albans See also: As Hampshire See also:people they may have helped Wykeham . But as Wykeham was of the party of the Black Prince and his widow See also:Joan of Kent, no dea ex machina was needed . On the 21st of June 1377 Edward III. died . Wykeham was present at the See also:coronation of Richard II. on the 19th of July, and on the 31st of July full pardons were granted him under the privy seal, which at the request of Richard's first parliament were ratified under the great seal on the 4th of December 1377 . Wykeham at once took an active part in the See also:financial affairs of the new king, giving See also:security for his debts and himself lending 500 marks, afterwards secured on the customs (Pat . 4 See also:Rich . II. pt. i. m . 4) . He then set to work to buy endowments for Winchester and New Colleges . On the 30th of June he obtained licence in See also:mortmain and on the 26th of November issued his See also:charter of See also:foundation of " Seynt See also:Marie College of Wynchestre in See also:Oxenford " for a See also:warden and 7o scholars to study See also:theology, canon and civil law and arts, who were temporarily housed in various old halls . On the 5th of March 138o the first stone was laid of the present buildings, which were entered on by the college on the 14th of April 1386 . The foundation of Winchester was begun with a bull of Pope Urban VI. on the 1st of June 1378, enabling Wykeham to found " a certain college he proposed to establish for 70 poor scholars, clerks, who should live college-wise and study in grammaticals near the See also:city of Winchester," and appropriate to it Downton rectory, one of the richest livings belonging to his bishopric .
The bull says that the bishop " had, as he asserts, for several years administered the necessaries of life to scholars studying grammar in the same city." On the 6th of October 1382 the crown licence in mortmain was issued, on the loth-13th
of October the site was conveyed, and on the loth of October 1382 " Sancte Marie collegium " or in vulgar See also:tongue " Seinte Marie College of Wynchestre by Wynchestre " was founded for a warden and " 70 See also:pore and needy scholars studying and-becoming proficient in grammaticals or the art and See also:science of grammar." The first stone of the buildings was laid on the 26th of March 1388, and they were entered on by the scholars on the 28th of March 1394, not, as supposed at the quincentenary celebration in 1893, in 1393
.
While the new buildings were being erected, the college remained in the See also:parish of " St John the Baptist on the See also: Ten fellows and 16 choristers were added in 1394 to the 70 scholars, the choristers attending the school like the scholars, and being generally, during the first three centuries of the foundation, promoted to be scholars . The See also:original statutes have not come down to us . Those which governed the colleges until 18J7 were made in 1400 . They state that the colleges were provided to repair the ravages caused by the Black Deaths in the ranks of the See also:clergy, and for the benefit of those whose parents could not without help maintain them at the See also:universities, and the names of the boys appointed by Wykeham and in his time show that " poor and indigent " meant the younger sons of the gentry, and the sons of yeomen, citizens of Winchester or London, and the middle classes generally, who needed the help of exhibitions . The time which elapsed between the foundation and completion of the colleges may be attributed to Wykeham's pre-occupation with politics in the disturbed state of affairs, due to the papal See also:schism begun in 1379, in which England adhered to Urban VI. and France to See also:Clement VII., to the rising of the Commons in 1381, and the See also:wars with France, See also:Scotland and See also:Spain during John of Gaunt's ascendancy . Then followed the constitutional revolution of the lords appellant in 1388 . When Richard II. took power on himself, on the 3rd of May 1389, he at once male Wykeham chancellor, with See also:Brantingham of Exeter again as treasurer . Wykeham's business capacity is shown perhaps by the first See also:record of the minutes of the privy council being kept during his See also:term of office, and his promulgation in 1390 of general orders as to its business . At least one occasion is recorded in the minutes on which Wykeham, on behalf of the council. took a See also:firm stand against Richard II. and that in spite of the king's leaving the council in a rage . See also:Peace was made with France in August . On the See also:meeting of parliament in January 1390 Wykeham resigned the great seal; and asked for an inquiry into the conduct of the privy council, and on being assured that all was well resumed it . He now showed that he had not by his charities wronged his relations by settling on his great-See also:nephew and heir Thomas Wykeham, whom he had educated at Winchester and New College, See also:Broughton Castle and estates, still held by his descendants in the See also:female See also:line, the See also:family of Twisleton-Wykeham=See also:Fiennes (See also:peerage of Saye and Sele) . In July 1391 he obtained a papal bull enabling him to appoint at pleasure coadjutors to do his episcopal business . On the 27th of September 1391, Wykeham finally resigned the chancellorship . For three years after there are no minutes of the Council . On the 24th of November 1394 Wykeham See also:lent the king the sum of £f000 (some £30,000 of our money), which same sum or another £f000 he promised on the 21st of February 1395to repay by midsummer, and did so (Pat . 18, Rich . II. pt. ii . M . 23, 41) . The See also:murder of the duke of See also:Gloucester, Richard's See also:uncle, in 1397, was followed next year by the assumption of See also:absolute power by Richard . Wykeham was clearly against these proceedings . He excused himself from convocation in 1397, and from the subservient parliament at See also:Shrewsbury in 1398 . The extraordinary comings and goings of strangers to Winchester College, just opposite the See also:gates of the bishop's See also:palace at Wolvesey in 1399, suggest that he took part in the revolution of Henry IV . He appeared in the privy council four times at the beginning of Henry's reign (Prot . P.C. i. See also:loo) . On the 23rd of July 1400 he lent Henry IV . £500 for his See also:journey towards Scotland, and in 1402 another £Soo, while a general See also:loan for the war with France and Scotland on the 1st of April 1403 was headed by Wykeham with £f000, the bishop of See also:Durham lending loon marks (£666, 135 . 4d.); and no one else more than £Soo . Meanwhile on the 29th of September 1394 he had begun the recasting of the See also:nave of the cathedral with William Wynford, the architect of the college, as chief mason, and Simon Membury, an old Wykehamist, as clerk of the works . On the 24th of July 1403, he made his will, giving large bequests amounting to some £1o,000 (£3oo,000 of our money), to See also:friends and relations and every kind of religious See also:house . On the 16th of August 1404, he signed an agreement with the See also:prior and See also:convent for three monks to sing daily three masses in his beautiful chantry chapel in the nave of the cathedral, while the boys of the See also:almonry, the cathedral See also:choir-boys, were to say their evening prayers there for his soul . He died on the 27th of September 1404, aged eighty . His effigy in the cathedral chantey and a bust on the groining of the See also:muniment tower at Winchester college are no doubt See also:authentic portraits . The pictures at Winchester and New College are See also:late 16th-See also:century productions . Three autograph letters of his, all in French, and of the years 1364-1366, are preserved, one at the See also:British Museum, one at the Record Office, a third at New College, Oxford . A See also:fourth letter imputed to Wykeham at the British Museum is shown alike by its contents and its See also:handwriting not to be his . See Thomas Martin, Wilhelmi Wicami (1597) ; R . Lowth, Life of Wykeham (1736); See also:Mackenzie E . C . See also:Walcott, William of Wykeham and his Colleges (1852); T . F . Kirby, See also:Annals of Winchester College (1892) ; G . H . Moberly, Life of Wykeham (1887) ; A . F . Leach, History of Winchester College (1899); and the Calendars of Patent and See also:Close Rolls . Edward III. and Richard II . (A . F . |
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