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state . They had so framed their constitution as to forbid slavery; and this was really the application of the Wilmot Proviso to the richest See also:

PART

part of the new territory, and the See also:

South See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt that it had been robbed of the cream of what it alone had fought cheerfully to obtain .

194 . The admission of California was not secured until See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 185o, soon after Taylor's sudden See also:

DEATH

death (See also:

JULY

July 9), and then only by the addition of a See also:

BONUS (a jocular application of the Lat. bonus, for bonum, " a good thing ")

bonus to See also:

TEXAS

Texas, Admission of California. See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Mexican cession into the Territories of See also:

UTAH

Utah and New See also:

Mexico without See also:

PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition of slavery, and the passage of a fugitive slave See also:

law . The slave See also:

trade, but not slavery, was forbidden in the See also:

DISTRICT

District of See also:

COLUMBIA

Columbia . The whole was generally known as the See also:

COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

Compromise See also:

MEASURES

Measures of 185o (q.v.) . Two of its features need See also:

NOTICE

notice . As has been said, slavery was not mentioned in the See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act; and the status of slavery in the Territories, was thus See also:

LEFT

left uncertain . Congress can See also:

VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto any legislation of a territorial legislature, but in fact, the two houses of Congress Compromise but, ~ g of/850 . were hardly ever able to unite on anything after 185o, and both these Territories did establish slavery before 1860, without a Congressional veto . The See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage here was with the South . The other point, the Fugitive Slave Law (q.v.), was a See also:

SPECIAL

special demand of the South . The Constitu- tion contained clauses directing that fugitive s/gvei Law. criminals and slaves should be delivered up, on requisition, by the state to which they had fled . In the See also:

case of criminals the delivery was directed to be made by the executive of the state to which they had fled; in the case of slaves no delivering authority was specified, and an act of Congress in 1793 had imposed the See also:

DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty on Federal See also:

JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges or on See also:

LOCAL

local state magistrates .

Some of the states had passed " See also:

PERSONAL

Personal Liberty See also:

LAWS

Laws," forbidding or limiting the See also:

ACTION

action of their magistrates in such cases, and the act of 185o transferred the decision of such cases to United States commissioners, with the assistance of United States marshals . It imposed penalties on rescues, and denied a See also:

JURY

jury trial . 195 . The question of slavery had taken up so much time in Congress that its other legislation was comparatively limited . The rates of See also:

POSTAGE

postage were reduced to five and ten cents for distances less and greater than 300 M . (1845); and the See also:

NAVAL

naval school at See also:

ANNAPOLIS

Annapolis was established in the same See also:

YEAR

year . The military See also:

academy at See also:

West Point had been established as such in 1802 . When the Democratic party had obtained See also:

COMPLETE

complete See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the government, it re-established (by act of 6th See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, 1846), the " sub-See also:

TREASURY

treasury," or See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent treasury, which is still the basis of the treasury See also:

SYSTEM

system . In the same year, after an exhaustive See also:

REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report by 18Tariff of See also:

Robert J . See also:

Walker, See also:

Polk's secretary of the treasury, the See also:

TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff of 1846 was passed; it reduced duties, and moderated the application of the protective principle . Apart from a slight reduction of duties in 1857, this remained in force till 1861 . 196 .

Five states were admitted during the last ten years of this See also:

period: See also:

FLORIDA

Florida (1845), Texas„ (1845), See also:

IOWA

Iowa (1846), See also:

Wisconsin (1848) and California (185o) . The See also:

early entrance Admission of Iowa, Wisconsin and Florida had been due largely of Florida, to See also:

INDIAN

Indian See also:

WARS

wars—the See also:

Black See also:

HAWK (O. Eng. hafoc or heafoc, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch havik, Ger. Habicht; the root is hab-, haf-, to hold, cf. Lat. accipiter, from capere)

Hawk See also:

War (see BLACK Iowa and HAWK) in Iowa and Wisconsin (1832), and the Semi- Wisconsin. nole War in Florida (1835-37), after each of which the defeated See also:

INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians were compelled to cede lands as the See also:

price of See also:

peace . The extinction of Indian titles in See also:

NORTHERN

northern See also:

Michigan brought about the discovery of the See also:

GREAT

great See also:

COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper See also:

FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields of that region, whose existence had been suspected long before it could be proved . Elsewhere See also:

settlement followed the lines already marked out, except in the new possessions on the Pacific See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, whose full possibilities were not yet known . See also:

RAILWAYS

Railways in the Eastern states were beginning to show something of a connected system; in the South Railways they had hardly changed since 184o; in the West and they had only been prolonged on their See also:

ORIGINAL

original lines . Telegraphs . The See also:

TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph was brought into use in 1844; but it is not until the See also:

CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of 186o that its effects are seen in the fully connected network of railways which then covers the whole See also:

North and West . 197 . The sudden development of See also:

WEALTH

wealth in the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country gave an impetus to the spirit of invention . See also:

Charles See also:

GOODYEAR, CHARLES (1800-186o)

Goodyear's method of vulcanizing See also:

RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber (1839) had come into use . See also:

Cyrus See also:

Hall M'Cormick had made an invention Invention. whose results have been hardly less than that of the See also:

LOCOMOTIVE

locomotive in their importance to the United States . He had patented a See also:

REAPING (from O.E. rypan, rypan, probably allied to " ripe," mature, i.e. " fit for reaping "; the cognate forms are found in other languages)

reaping See also:

machine in 1834, and this, further improved and supplemented by other inventions, had brought into See also:

PLAY

play the whole system of agricultural machinery, whose existence was scarcely known elsewhere until the See also:

LONDON

London " See also:

WORLD

World's See also:

FAIR

Fair " of 1851 brought it into notice .

A successful sewing-machine came in 1846; the See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power-See also:

LOOM

loom and the surgical use of anaesthetics in the same year; and the rotary See also:

PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press for See also:

PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing in 1847 . Election of /848 . Personal Liberty Laws . 702 198 . All the conditions of See also:

LIFE

life were changing so rapidly that it was natural that the minds of men should See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change with them or become unsettled . This was the era of new sects, of communities, of fantastic proposals of every See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, of See also:

TRANSCENDENTALISM (Lat. trans, across, scandere, climb, whence transcendere, to pass a limit)

transcendentalism in literature, See also:

religion, and politics . Not the most The fantastic or benevolent, but certainly the most See also:

MORMONS

Mormons, successful, of these was the See also:

SECT

sect of Mormons or Latter-See also:

day See also:

SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints . They settled in Utah in 1847, calling their See also:

capital See also:

Salt See also:

Lake See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City, and spreading thence through the neighbouring Territories . They became a menace to the See also:

AMERICAN

American system; their See also:

numbers were so great that it was against American instincts to deprive them of self-government; while their See also:

POLYGAMY, (Gr. nabs, many, and yayos, marriage)

polygamy and See also:

TOTAL

total submission to their See also:

HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy made it impossible to erect them into a state having complete control of See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage and See also:

DIVORCE

divorce . The difficulty was lessened by their renunciation of polygamy in 1890 (see MORMONS) . 199 . The material development of the United States since 183o had been extraordinary, but every year made it more The South, evident that the South was not sharing in it .

It is See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain now that the See also:

FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault was in the labour system of the South: her only labourers were slaves, and a slave who was See also:

fit for anything better than See also:

field labour was prima facie a dangerous See also:

man . The divergence had as yet gone only far enough to awaken intelligent men in the South to its existence, and to stir them to efforts as hopeless as they were See also:

EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest, to find some artificial stimulus for See also:

SOUTHERN

Southern See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries . In the next ten years the See also:

PROCESS

process was to show its effects on the See also:

NATIONAL

national field . J.—Tendencies to Disunion, 1850-1861 . 2oo..The Abolitionists had never ceased to din the iniquity of slavery into the ears of the American See also:

PEOPLE

people . See also:

CALHOUN, JOHN CALDWELL (1782-185o)

Calhoun, Slavery See also:

Webster and See also:

Clay, with nearly all the other See also:

POLITICAL

political and the leaders of 1850, had united in deploring the wicked-Sections• ness of these fanatics, who were persistently stirring up a question which was steadily widening the distance between the sections . They mistook the symptom for the disease . Slavery itself had put the South out of See also:

HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with its surroundings . Even in 1850, though they hardly yet knew it, the two sections had drifted so far apart that they were practically two different countries . 201 . The South remained much as in 1790; while other parts of the country had See also:

DEVELOPED

developed, it had stood still . The "Slave The remnants of colonial feeling, of class See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, Power." which advancing See also:

DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy had wiped out else-where, retained all their force here, aggravated by the effects of an essentially aristocratic system of employment .

The ruling class had to maintain a military control over the labouring class, and a class influence over the poorer whites . It had even secured in the Constitution See also:

PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision for its political power in the See also:

REPRESENTATION

representation given to three-fifths of the slaves . The twenty additional members of the See also:

House of Representatives were not simply a gain to the South; they were still more a gain to the " black districts," where whites were few, and the slave-holder controlled the district . Slave-owners and slave-holders together, there were but 350,000 of them; but they had See also:

COMMON

common interests, the intelligence to see them, and the courage to See also:

con-tend for them . The first step of a rising man was to buy slaves; and this was enough to enrol him in the dominant class . From it were See also:

DRAWN

drawn the representatives and senators in Congress, the See also:

GOVERNORS

governors, and all the holders of offices over which the " slave power," as it came to be called, had control . Not only was the South inert; its ruling class, its ablest and best men, united in See also:

defence of tendencies hostile to those of the rest of the country . 202 . See also:

IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

Immigration into the United States was not an important See also:

FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in its development until about 1847 . The immigrants, so See also:

LATE

late as 1820, numbered but 8000 per lmmlgra- annum; their number did not See also:

TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch See also:

ioo,000 until 'See also:

ion . 1842, and then it See also:

fell for a year or two almost to See also:

HALF

half that number . In 1847 it See also:

rose again to 235,000, in 184A to 300,000, and in 1850 to 428,000; all told, more than two and a See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter million persons from abroad settled in the United States between 1847 and 1854 .

Leaving out the dregs of the immigra-[See also:

HISTORY

HISTORY 1850-1861 tion, which settled down in the seaboard cities, its best part was a powerful nationalizing force . It had not come to any particular state, but to the United States; it had none of the traditional prejudices in favour of a state, but a strong feeling for the whole country; and the new feelings which it brought in must have had their See also:

WEIGHT

weight not only on the See also:

GROSS

gross See also:

mass of the people, but on the views of former leaders . And all the influences of this enormous immigration were confined to the North and West . The immigration avoided slave soil as if by See also:

INSTINCT

instinct . So late as 188o the census reported that the Southern states, except Florida, See also:

LOUISIANA

Louisiana and Texas, are " practically without any See also:

FOREIGN

foreign See also:

ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element "; but it was only in 1850-1860 that this differentiating circumstance began to show itself plainly . And, as the sections began to differ further in aims and policy, the North began to gain heavily in ability to ensure its success . 203 . Texas was the last slave state ever admitted; and, as it refused to be divided, the South had no further increase of numbers in the See also:

SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate . Until 185o the admission TheSec of a free state had been so promptly balanced by lCon Hons in Congress . the admission of a slave state that the senators of the two sections had remained about equal in number; in 186o the free states had 36 senators and the slave states only 30 . As the representation in the House had changed from 35 free state and 30 slave state members in 1790 to 147 free state and 90 slave state in 1860, and as the number of presidential See also:

ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors is the sum of the numbers of senators and representatives, political power had passed away from the South in 1850 . If at any time the free states should unite they could control the House of Representatives and the Senate, elect the president and See also:

VICE

vice-president, dictate the See also:

APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of judges and other Federal See also:

OFFICERS

officers, and make the laws what they pleased .

If pressed to it, they could even control the See also:

INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the laws by the Supreme See also:

Court . No Federal See also:

JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge could be removed except by See also:

IMPEACHMENT (O. Fr. empeahement, empeschement, from em pecher or empescher, to hinder, Late Lat. impedicare, to entangle, pedica, fetter, pes, foot)

impeachment, but an act of Congress could at any time increase the number of judges to any extent, and the appointment of the additional judges could See also:

REVERSE

reverse the See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of the court . 204 . In circumstances so See also:

CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical a cautious quiescence and avoidance of public See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was the only safe course for the " slave power," but that course had become See also:

IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im- possible . The numbers interested had become too to D Disuaionsunion to . large to be subject to complete discipline; all could not be held in cautious reserve; and, when an advanced proposal came from any quarter of the slave-holding lines, the whole See also:

army was shortly forced up to the advanced position . Every See also:

MOVEMENT

movement of the mass was necessarily aggressive; and aggression meant final collision . If collision came it must be on some question of the rights of the states; and on such a question the whole South would move as one man . 205 . The See also:

PROTESTANT

Protestant churches of the United States had reflected in their organization the spirit of the political institutions under which they lived . Acting as purely voluntary associations, they had been organized Dlvlslom Sectarian into governments by delegates, much like the " conventions " which had been evolved in the political parties . The omnipresent slavery question intruded into these bodies, and split them . The Methodist Episcopal See also:

Church was thus divided into a Northern and a Southern See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch in 1844, and the equally powerful Baptist Church met the same See also:

FATE

fate in the following year .

Two of the four great Protestant bodies were thus no longer national; it was only by the most careful management that the integrity of the Presbyterian Church was maintained until 1861, when it also yielded; and only the Episcopal and See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Churches retained their national See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . 206 . The political parties showed the same tendency . Each began to shrivel up in one See also:

section or the other . The notion of " squatter sovereignty," attractive at first to the Western democracy, and not repudiated thpart anges . by the South, enabled the Democratic party to pass the crisis of 1850 without losing much of its Northern vote, while Southern Whigs began to See also:

DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift in, making the party continually more See also:

pro-slavery . This could not continue long without beginning to decrease its Northern vote, but this effect did not become plainly visible until after 1852 . The efforts of the Whig party to ignore the great question alienated its anti-slavery members in the North, while they did not satisfy its Southern members . The Whig losses were not at first heavy, but, as the electoral vote of each state is determined by the barest See also:

PLURALITY (0. Fr. pluralitd, Late Lat. pluralitas, plural number)

plurality of the popular vote, they were enough to defeat the party almost everywhere in the presidential election of 1852 . The Whigs Election nominated See also:

General See also:

WINFIELD

Winfield See also:

Scott and the Democrats of 1852 . See also:

Franklin See also:

PIERCE, FRANKLIN (1804—1869)

Pierce; and Pierce carried all but four of the See also:

THIRTY

thirty-one states, and was elected, receiving 254 out of the 296 electoral votes . This See also:

REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation of hopeless weakness was the downfall of the Whig party; it maintained its organization for four years longer, but the life had gone out of it .

The future was with the Free Soil party, though it had polled but few votes in 1852 . 207 . During the administration of Taylor (and Vice-President Millard See also:

FILLMORE, MILLARD (1800-1874)

Fillmore, who succeeded him) Clay, Webster, Calhoun, Polk and Taylor were removed by Changes Leadership. death, and there was a steady drift of other political leaders out of public life . New men were pushing in everywhere, and in both sections they showed the prevailing tendency to disunion . The best of them were unprecedentedly See also:

RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical . Charles See also:

Sumner, See also:

William H . See also:

Seward, and See also:

Salmon P . See also:

Chase came into the Senate, bringing the first See also:

ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of recognized force and ability to the anti-slavery feeling in that See also:

BODY

body . The new Southern men, such as See also:

Jefferson See also:

Davis, and the Democratic recruits from the Southern Whig party, such as See also:

Alexander H . See also:

Stephens, were ready to take the ground on which Calhoun had always insisted—that Congress was See also:

BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound not merely to the negative duty of not attacking slavery in theTerritories, but to the See also:

POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive duty of protecting it . This, if it should become the general Southern position, was certain to destroy the notion of "squatter sovereignty," and thus to split the Democratic party, which was almost the last national See also:

LIGAMENT (Lat. ligamentum, from ligare, to bind)

ligament that now held the two fragments of the See also:

Union together . 208 .

The social disintegration was as rapid . Northern men travelling in the South were naturally looked upon with increasing suspicion, and were made to feel that they Soda ! Divergencewere on a soil See also:

ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien in sympathies . Some of the . worst phases of democracy were called into play in the South; and, in some sections, law openly yielded supremacy to popular See also:

PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion in the cases of suspected Abolitionists . Southern conventions, on all sorts of subjects, became common; and in these meetings, permeated by a dawning sense of Southern See also:

NATIONALITY

nationality, hardly any proposition looking to Southern See also:

independence of the North was met with disfavour . 209 . Calhoun, in his last and greatest speech, called attention to the manner in which one tie after another was snapping . But he ignored the real peril of the situation—its o%o ps adangerous facts: that the South was steadily grow- See also:

ing weaker in comparison with the North, and more unable to secure a wider See also:

AREA

area for the slave system; that it was therefore being steadily forced into demanding active Congressional See also:

PROTECTION

protection for slavery in the Territories; that the North would never submit to this; and that the South must submit or bring about a collision by attempting to secede . 210 . Anti-slavery feeling in the North was stimulated by the manner in which the Fugitive Slave Law was enforced immediately after 185o . The chase after fugitive hire a Law .

s slaves was prosecuted in many cases with circum- stances stances of revolting brutality, and features of the slave system which had been tacitly looked upon as fictitious were brought home to the See also:

heart of the free states . (See FUGITIve SLAVE LAws.) The added feeling showed its force when the See also:

KANSAS (known as the Sunflower State ")

Kansas-See also:

NEBRASKA

Nebraska Act was passed by Congress (1854) . It organized the two new Territories of Kansas and Nebraska . Both of them were for ever free soil by the terms of the See also:

MISSOURI

Missouri Compromise (q.v.) . But the success of the notion of squatter sovereignty in holding the Democratic party together while destroying the Whig party had intoxicated See also:

Stephen A . See also:

Douglas (q.v.), and other Northern Democrats; and they now applied the See also:

DOCTRINE

doctrine to these Territories . They did not See also:

DESIRE

desire " to vote slavery up or down," but left the decision to. the people of the two Territories and the .essential feature of the Missouri Compromise was specifically repealed . 211 . This was the grossest political blunder in American history . The status of slavery had been settled, by the Constitution or by the compromises of 1820 and 1850, on every square See also:

FOOT

foot of American soil; right or wrong, the settlement was made . The Kansas-Nebraska Act took a great mass of territory out of the settlement and flung it into the See also:

ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena as a See also:

PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize for which the sections were to struggle . The first result of the act was to throw parties into See also:

CHAOS

chaos .

An American or " Know-Nothing" (q.v.) party, a See also:

SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath-bound organiza- The tion, pledged to oppose the influence or power of "American foreign-See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born citizens, had been formed to take the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place See also:

PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

Petty." of the defunct Whig party . It had been quite successful in state elections for a time, and was now beginning to have larger aspirations . It, like the Whig party, intended to ignore slavery, but, after a few years of life, the questions complicated with slavery entered its organization and divided it also . Even in 1854 many of its leaders in the North were forced to take position against the Kansas-Nebraska Act, while hosts of others joined in the opposition without any party organization . No American party ever rose se swiftly as this latter; with no other party name than the awkward The See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " Anti-Nebraska men," it carried the Republican Congressional elections of 1854 at the North, forced Party. many of the former Know-Nothing leaders into union with it, and controlled the House of Representatives of the Congress which met in 1855 . The Democratic party, which had been practically the only party since 1852, had now to See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face the latest and strongest of its broad-constructionist opponents, one which with the nationalizing features of the Federalist and Whig parties combined democratic feelings and methods, and, above all, had a democratic purpose at bottom . It acknowledged; at first, no purpose aimed at slavery, only an intention to exclude slavery from the Territories; but, under such principles, it was the only party which was potentially an anti-slavery party, the only party to which the enslaved labourer of the South could look with the faintest See also:

hope of aid in reaching the status of a man . The new party had grasped the See also:

FUNCTION

function which belonged of right to its great opponent, and it seized with it its opponent's original title . The name Democrat had quite taken the place of that first used—Republican—but the latter had never passed out of popular remembrance and liking at the North . The new party took See also:

QUICK

quick and skilful advantage of this by assuming the old name (see REPUBLICAN PARTY), and early in 1856 the two great parties of the See also:

PRESENT

present—Democratic and Republican—were drawn up against one another . 212 . The foreign relations of the United States during Pierce's See also:

TERM

term of office were overshadowed by the domestic difficulties, but were of importance .

In the •Koszta case (18J3) national protection had been afforded KCase . oszta on foreign soil to a See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who had only taken the preliminary steps to See also:

NATURALIZATION

naturalization (see See also:

MARCY, WILLIAM LEARNED (1786-1857)

MARCY, W . L.) . See also:

JAPAN

Japan had been opened to American intercourse and See also:

commerce (1854) . But the question of slavery was more Japan. and more thrusting itself even into foreign relations . A great Southern See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, to be founded at first by the slave states, but to take in gradually the whole territory around the Gulf of Mexico and include the West Indies, was soon to be a See also:

PRETTY

pretty general ambition among slave-holders, and its first phases appeared during Pierce's administration . Efforts were begun to obtain See also:

CUBA (the aboriginal name)

Cuba from See also:

Spain; and the three leading American ministers abroad, See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting at See also:

OSTEND (Flemish and French Ostende)

Ostend, Ostend united in declaring the See also:

possession of Cuba to be Manifesto; essential to the well-being of the United States See also:

FILIBUSTER

Filibuster (1854) . (See See also:

BUCHANAN, See also:

JAMES.) " Filibustering " ing. expeditions against Cuba or the smaller South American states, intended so to revolutionize them as to See also:

lay a basis for an Kansas-Nebraska Act . application to be annexed to . the United States, became common, and taxed the energies of the Federal government . But these yielded in importance to the affairs in Kansas . 213 . Nebraska was then supposed to be a See also:

DESERT

desert, and attention was directed almost exclusively to Kansas .

No sooner manses. had its organization left the See also:

MATTER

matter of slavery to be decided by its " people " than the anti-slavery people of the North and West felt it to be their duty to see that the " people " of the Territory should be anti-slavery in sympathy . Emigrant associations were formed, and these shipped men and families to Kansas, arming them for their protection in the new country . Southern See also:

NEWSPAPERS

newspapers called for similar measures in the South, but the See also:

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call was less effective . Southern men without slaves, settling a new state, were uncomfortably See also:

apt to prohibit slavery, as in California . Only slave-holders were trusty pro-slavery men; and such were not likely to take slaves to Kansas and See also:

RISK

risk their ownership on the result of the struggle . But for the people of Missouri, Kansas would have been free soil at once . Lying across the See also:

DIRECT

direct road to Kansas, the Missouri settlers blockaded the way of free-state settlers, crossed in