See also:

• WILTSHIRE [WILTS]

WILTSHIRE [WILTS]  , a See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, bounded N.W. and N. by See also:

• GLOUCESTERSHIRE

Gloucestershire, N.E. and E. by See also:

• BERKSHIRE [abbreviated Berks, pronounced Berkshire]
• BERKSHIRE, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1587–1669)

Berkshire, S.E. by See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire, S.W. and S. by See also:

• DORSETSHIRE (DORSET)

Dorsetshire, and W. by See also:

• SOMERSETSHIRE

Somersetshire . The See also:

• AREA

area is 1374.9 sq. m . A See also:

• GREAT

great upland covers two-thirds of the county, comprising, in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough See also:

• DOWNS

Downs, with Savernake See also:

• FOREST

Forest; in the centre, the broad undulating sweep of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

Plain; and in the south, the more varied hills and dales of the Nadder See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed, the vale of See also:

• CHALK

Chalk and Cranborne See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

Chase . Large tracts of the Chalk are over 600 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, rising in many parts into steep and picturesque escarpments . Several peaks attain an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 900 ft., and Inkpen See also:

• BEACON (from the O. Eng. beacn, a sign, cf. " beckon," another form of the same word)

Beacon, on the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of Berkshire, See also:

• WILTSHIRE [WILTS]

Wiltshire and Hampshire, reaches ro11 ft . Scattered in thousands over the downs See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie huge blocks of silicious See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary grits, called sarsen stones or See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey wethers, which were used by the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive builders of See also:

• STONEHENGE (Sax. Slanhengist, hanging stones)

Stonehenge and See also:

• AVEBURY
• AVEBURY, JOHN LUBBOCK, 1ST BARON (1834– )

Avebury . The underlying See also:

• GREENSAND

Greensand is exposed in the deeper valleys of the Chalk, such as the vale of Pewsey, dividing Salisbury Plain from Marlborough Downs, and the vale of Chalk, dividing the Nadder westward from the heights of Cranborne Chase . One of the most charming features of the county is its fertile and well-wooded valleys . Three See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient forests remain: Cranborne Chase, which extends into See also:

• DORSET, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Dorset, was a royal See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer-See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the reign of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, and, like Savernake Forest, contains many See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble old oaks and beeches . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• PART

part of the New Forest belongs to Hampshire; but No See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man's See also:

• LAND

Land and Hampworth See also:

• COMMON

Common, its outlying heaths and coppices, encroach upon the south-eastern corner of Wilts . See also:

• BENTLEY, RICHARD (1662-1742)
• BENTLEY, RICHARD (1794-1871)

Bentley See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

Wood, 5 M . E. of Salisbury, and the Great See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

Ridge and Grovely See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

Woods between the Nadder and Wylye, are See also:

• FINE

fine uplands parks .

There is no great See also:

• SHEET

sheet of See also:

• WATER

water, but the See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir near See also:

• SWINDON

Swindon, and the lakes of Longleat, Stourton and Fonthill in the south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of See also:

• EARL

Earl Stoke near See also:

• WESTBURY
• WESTBURY, RICHARD BETHELL, 1ST BARON (1800-1873)

Westbury, and of Bowood, Corsham and Seagry near See also:

• CHIPPENHAM

Chippenham, deserve mention for the beauty of their scenery . The upper reaches of the See also:

• THAMES

Thames skirt the north-eastern border, and three other considerable See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers drain the Wiltshire Downs . The Kennet, rising west of Marlborough, winds eastward into Berkshire and meets the Thames at See also:

• READING

Reading . The See also:

• LOWER

Lower or See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol See also:

• AVON

Avon flows from its source among the Cotteswolds in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Gloucestershire, past See also:

• MALMESBURY
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HARRIS, IST EARL OF (1746-1820)
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HOWARD HARRIS, 3RD EARL OF (1807-1889)

Malmesbury, Chippenham, See also:

• MELKSHAM

Melksham and See also:

• BRADFORD
• BRADFORD, JOHN (1510?—1555)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590—1657)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663—1752)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1827—1892)

Bradford, where it curves north-eastward into See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset, finally falling into the Bristol Channel . Besides many lesser tributaries it receives from the south the See also:

• FROME

Frome, which forms for about 5 M. the boundary between Wilts and Somerset . The East or See also:

• CHRISTCHURCH

Christchurch Avon, which rises near Bishops Cannings in the centre of the county, flows east and south into Hampshire, and enters the sea at Christchurch . See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close to Salisbury it is joined by the See also:

• UNITED

united streams of the Nadder and the Wylye; by the Ebble, which drains the vale of Chalk; and by the See also:

• BOURNE (southern form of burn, Teutonic born, bran, burna)
• BOURNE, or BOURN
• BOURNE, VINCENT (1695-1747)

Bourne, which flows south by west from its See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head near Ludgershall . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—As has been said, about two-thirds of the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of Wilts is occupied by a great Chalk upland . Cropping out from beneath the Chalk is a fringe of the Selbornian—Upper Greensand and See also:

• GAULT

Gault—the former is well exposed in the vale of Pewsey, west of See also:

• DEVIZES

Devizes, and along the margins of the vale of Wardour; it forms a broad, hilly See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract from See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

Mere through Stourton to See also:

• WARMINSTER

Warminster . The Gault See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

Clay runs regularly at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Upper Greensand; it is excavated in several places for See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick-making . The Lower Greensand, which oversteps the underlying formations, appears from beneath the Gault at Poulshot and follows the same See also:

• LINE

line of outcrop northwards; a small outlier at Seend is worked for the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron it contains . About one-third of the county lying on the north-west See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Chalk downs, including a portion of the vale of the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse, is occupied by See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic rocks .

The Upper See also:

• LIAS

Lias—the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest formation in the county—forms the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of the valley near See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

Box; it is followed by the overlying Inferior Oolite and See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

Fuller's See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

Earth . Then succeeds the Great Oolite See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series, which includes the famous See also:

• BUILDING

building-stones of See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath, quarried at Winsley Down, near Bradford, and at Box, Corsham Down and other places in the neighbourhood . Above the freestones near Bradford comes the Bradford clay, with the well-known fossil A piocrinus or See also:

• PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear-encrinite, followed by the Forest See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

Marble limestones and See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays . The rubbly See also:

• CORNBRASH

Cornbrash crops at Westwood, See also:

• TROWBRIDGE

Trowbridge, and Malmesbury . Further east lies the outcrop of See also:

• OXFORDIAN

Oxfordian strata, comprising the sandy Keilaways beds and overlying See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford Clay, together forming a broad See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lying tract in which stand Trowbridge, Melksham, Chippenham and See also:

• CRICKLADE

Cricklade . Rising up from the eastern margin of the Oxfordian vale is the irregular scarp formed by the See also:

• CORALLIAN (Fr. Corallun)

Corallian oolitic Iimestones and marls . The iron ores of Westbury are obtained in this formation . Another clay-bottomed vale lies on the eastern side of the Corallian ground, from near See also:

• CALNE

Calne to Swindon, where it is exploited for bricks . It appears also between Seend, Coniston and West-See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

bury; also between Mere and Semley . About the former See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place it is brought into apposition with Cretaceous rocks through the agency of an east to west See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault . At Tisbury and near Potterne are small outcrops of See also:

• PORTLANDIAN

Portlandian rocks which yield the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar building-stones of Tisbury and Chilmark . Limestones and clays of Purbeck See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age lie in the vale of Wardour about Teffont Evias .

At Dinton in the same vale the See also:

• WEALDEN

Wealden formation just makes its See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . In the south-eastern corner of the county there are tracts of Tertiary Reading Beds and See also:

• LONDON

London Clay east of Downton and on the See also:

• CLARENDON, CONSTITUTIONS OF
• CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, 1ST EARL OF (1609-1674)
• CLARENDON, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK VILLIERS, 4TH EARL OF (in the Villiers line) (1800-r87o)
• CLARENDON, HENRY HYDE

Clarendon Hills; these are covered by Bagshot Beds at See also:

• ALDER

Alder-bury and Grinstead, also on Hampworth Common . Outliers of Reading Beds and London Clay occur about Great Bedwin; the sarsen stones previously referred to represent the last remnants of a See also:

• MANTLE

mantle of Tertiary rocks which formerly covered the See also:

• DISTRICT

district . Here and there See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift gravels and brick earths, besides low-level See also:

• RIVER

river gravels, See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest upon the older rocks . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—Some five-sixths of the See also:

• TOTAL

total area, a high proportion, is under cultivation, but a large amount of this is in permanent pasture . The See also:

• SOIL

soil, a heavy reddish See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam, with a subsoil of broken stones, in the north-west, but lighter in the chalk region, is essentially that of a See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, although there are wide tracts of richer land, suitable for See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and beans . Oats, however, are the largest See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop . There is a small acreage classified as See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill pasture . The See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green crops consist mainly of turnips, mangolds and swedes . See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon-curing is carried on . Large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep are bred on the downs, and See also:

• DAIRY

dairy-farming is practised in the north-west . There are manufactures of condensed See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk .

An agricultural See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college is established at Downton . Manufactures.—A See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the hands employed in factories and workshops are occupied in the See also:

• LOCOMOTIVE

locomotive See also:

• WORKS

works of the Great Western railway at Swindon . There are also large See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering works at Devizes . See also:

• CLOTH

Cloth is still See also:

• WOVEN

woven, though in greatly diminished quantities, at Trowbridge, Melksham, Chippenham and other places where water-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power is available . Carpets are woven at See also:

• WILTON

Wilton, haircloth and coco-See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut fibre at Melksham, See also:

• SILK

silk at Malmesbury, Mere and Warminster . See also:

• PORTLAND
• PORTLAND, EARL OF
• PORTLAND, ISLE OF
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM BENTINCK, EARL
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH BENTINCK

Portland and Bath See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone are quarried for building purposes, while iron ore from mines near Westbury is smelted in that See also:

• TOWN

town . Communications.—Three great railway lines See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse Wiltshire from E. to W., throwing out a number of See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch lines to the larger towns . In the N. the Great Western main line passes through Swindon on its way from London to Bath . A second line of the same See also:

• SYSTEM

system runs also to Bath from See also:

• HUNGERFORD
• HUNGERFORD, WALTER HUNGERFORD, BARON (d. 1449)

Hungerford, by way of Devizes . South of Salisbury Plain the South-Western main line goes through Salisbury and the southern See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of Wilts on its way into Somerset . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief branch line is that between Salisbury and Westbury on the Great Western . The Midland & South-Western Junction See also:

• RAIL

rail-way runs north from See also:

• ANDOVER

Andover by Swindon, Cricklade and See also:

• CIRENCESTER (traditionally pronounced Ciceter)

Cirencester .

Swindon, Salisbury and Westbury are the three centres of railway See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic . The Avon is navigable as far as Salisbury, and goods are carried on the Thames & See also:

• SEVERN
• SEVERN, JOSEPH (1793-1879)

Severn See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal in the N.E., and on the Kennet & Avon Canal across Salisbury Plain . These waterways were formerly connected by a branch of the Berks & Wilts Canal, which runs S.W. from Berkshire, through Swindon and Melksham, but was closed in 1899 . The area of the ancient county is 879,943 acres, with a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population in 1891 of 264,997 and in 1901 of 273,869 . The area of the administrative county is 864,105 acres . The county contains 29 hundreds . The municipal boroughs are—See also:

• CALVE, EMMA (1864– )

Calve (pop . 3457), Chippenham (5o74), Devizes (6532), Malmesbury (2854), See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

Marl-See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough (3887), Salisbury, a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and the county town (17,117), Swindon (45,006), Wilton (2203) . The See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban districts are—Bradford-on-Avon (4514), Melksham (2450) ,Trowbridge (11,526), Warminster (5547), Westbury (33o5) . Other small towns are Cricklade (1517), Downton (1786), Highworth (2047), Mere (1977), Pewsey (1722), Wootton Bassett (2258) . The county is in the western See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and assizes are held at Salisbury and Devizes . It has one See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of quarter sessions, and is divided into 16 See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty sessional divisions .

The boroughs of Devizes and Salisbury have See also:

• SEPARATE

separate courts of quarter sessions and commissions of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and the borough of Marlborough has a separate See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of the peace . There are 33 5 See also:

• CIVIL

civil parishes . Wiltshire is mainly in the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Salisbury, but a considerable part is in that of Bristol, and small parts in those of See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester, Oxford and See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester . It contains 322 ecclesiastical parishes or districts, wholly or in part . The county is divided into five See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary divisions, each returning one member—See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern or Cricklade, North-western or Chippenham, Western or West- bury, Eastern or Devizes and Southern or Wilton . It also contains the parliamentary borough of Salisbury, returning one member . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of the district now known as Wiltshire began in 552 with the victory of Cynric at Old Sarum, by which the way was opened to Salisbury Plain . Four years later, pushing his way through the vale of Pewsey, Cynric extended the limits of the West Saxon See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom to the Marl-borough Downs by a victory at Barbury Hill At this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the district south of the Avon and the Nadder was occupied by dense woodland, the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of which survive in Cranborne Chase, and the first See also:

• WAVE

wave of West Saxon colonization was chiefly confined to the valleys of the Avon and the Wylye, the little township of Wilton which arose in the latter giving the name of Wilsaetan to the new settlers . By the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the district had acquired a definite administrative and territorial organization, Walstan, ealdorman of the Wilsaetan, being mentioned as early as Soo as repelling an attempted invasion of the Mercians . Moreover, " Wiltunscire " is mentioned by See also:

• ASSER, or ASSERIUS MENEVENSIS (d. c. 910)

Asser in 878, in which See also:

• YEAR

year the Danes established their head-quarters at Chippenham and remained there a year, plundering the surrounding country . In the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of IEthelstan mints existed at Old Sarum, Malmesbury, Wilton, Cricklade and Marlborough . Wilton and Salisbury were destroyed by the Danish invaders under Sweyn in 1003, and in 1015 the district was harried by Canute .

With the redistribution of estates after the Conquest more than two-fifths of the county See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church; the possessions of the See also:

• CROWN

crown covered one-fifth; while among the chief See also:

• LAY

lay proprietors were See also:

• EDWARD

Edward of Salisbury, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• EWE

Ewe, See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph de See also:

• MORTIMER (Family)

Mortimer, See also:

• AUBREY, JOHN (1626-1697)

Aubrey de See also:

• VERE
• VERE, SIR FRANCIS (1560-1609)

Vere, See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• FITZGERALD
• FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1809–1883)
• FITZGERALD, LORD E
• FITZGERALD, LORD EDWARD (1763-1798)
• FITZGERALD, LORD THOMAS (loth earl of Kildare), (1513-1537)
• FITZGERALD, RAYMOND, or REDMOND (d. ca. 1182)

Fitzgerald, See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles See also:

• CRISPIN

Crispin, Robert d'Oily and Osbern See also:

• GIFFARD, GODFREY (c. 1235—1302)
• GIFFARD, WALTER (d. 1279)
• GIFFARD, WILLIAM (d. 1129)

Giffard . The first earl of Wiltshire after the Conquest was William le See also:

• SCROPE
• SCROPE, GEORGE JULIUS POULETT (1797—1876)

Scrope, who received the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour in 1397 . The See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title subsequently passed to See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

Butler in 1449, Sir John See also:

• STRAFFORD, EARLS OF
• STRAFFORD, THOMAS WENTWORTH, EARL

Strafford in 1470, Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• BOLEYN (or BULLEN), ANNE (c. 1507–1536)

Boleyn in 1529, and in 1550 to the Paulett See also:

• FAMILY

family . The See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations at Wilton, Malmesbury and See also:

• AMESBURY

Amesbury existed before the Conquest; the Augustinian See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house at Bradenstoke was founded by See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter d'See also:

• EVREUX

Evreux in 1142; that at Lacock by Ela, countess of Salisbury, in 1232; that at Longleat by Sir John See also:

• VERNON
• VERNON, EDWARD (1684-1757)

Vernon before 1272 . The Cluniac priory of Monkton Farleigh was founded by See also:

• HUMPHREY (or HUMFREY), LAWRENCE (1527?-1590)

Humphrey de See also:

• BOHUN

Bohun in 1125; the Cistercian house at Kingswood by William de See also:

• BERKELEY
• BERKELEY, GEORGE (1685–1753)
• BERKELEY, MILES JOSEPH (1803-1889)
• BERKELEY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1608-1677)

Berkeley in 1139; and that of See also:

• STANLEY (FAMILY)
• STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (18x5–1881)
• STANLEY, EDWARD (1779-1849)
• STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (184o-1904)
• STANLEY, SIR WILLIAM (1548-163o)
• STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678)

Stanley by the Empress Maud in 1154 . Of the See also:

• FORTY

forty Wiltshire hundreds mentioned in the Domesday Survey, Selkley, Ramsbury, Bradford, Melksham, Calne, Whorwellsdown, Westbury, Warminster, Heytesbury, Kinwardstone, Ambresbury, Underditch, Furstfield, Alderbury and Downton remain to the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day practically unaltered in name and extent; Thorngrave, Dunelawe and Cepeham hundreds See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred of Chippenham; Malmesbury hundred represents the Domesday hundreds of Cicemethorn and Sterchelee, which were held at See also:

• FARM

farm by the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of Malmesbury; High-See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth represents the Domesday hundreds of Crechelade, Scipe, Wurde and See also:

• STAPLE

Staple; Kingbridge the hundreds of Chingbridge, Blachegrave and Thornhylle; Swanborough the hundreds of Rugeberge, Stodf ed and Swaneberg; Branch the hundreds of Branchesberge and Dolesfeld; Cawden the hundreds of Cawdon and Cadworth . A noticeable feature in the 14th century is the See also:

• AGGREGATION (from the Lat. ad, to, gregare, to collect together)

aggregation of church manors into distinct hundreds, at the court of which their ecclesiastical owners required their tenants to do suit and service . Thus the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Winchester had a separate hundred called Kurwel Bishop, afterwards absorbed in Downton hundred; the abbot of Damerham had that of Damerham; and the See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior of St Swithin's that of Elstub, under each of which were included manors situate in different parts of the county . The See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-place of Swanborough hundred was at See also:

• SWAN (A. S. swan and swan, Icel. svanr, Du. zwaart, Ger. Schwan)
• SWAN, J
• SWAN, JOHN MACALLAN (1847-1910)
• SWAN, SIR JOSEPH WILSON (1828– )

Swan-borough Tump, a hillock in the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of Manningford Abbots identified as the See also:

• MOOT

moot-place mentioned in the will of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred; that of Malmesbury was at Colepark; that of Bradford at Brad-See also:

• FORD, EDWARD ONSLOW
• FORD, JOHN (r586–c.1640)
• FORD, RICHARD (1796-1858)
• FORD, THOMAS (b. c. 158o)

ford See also:

• LEIGH
• LEIGH, EDWARD (1602–1671)

Leigh; that of Warminster at Iley See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

Oak, about 2 M. south of Warminster, near Southleigh Wood . The See also:

• SHIRE

shire court for Wilt-shire was held at Wilton, and until 1446 the shrievalty was enjoyed ex officio by the castellans of Old Sarum . Edward of Salisbury was See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff at the time of the Domesday Survey, and the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office remained hereditary in his family, descending to William Longespee by his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Ela, great-granddaughter of Edward . In the 13th century the assizes were held at Wilton, Malmesbury and New Sarum .

On the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the West Saxon see in 703 Wiltshire was included in the diocese of See also:

• SHERBORNE

Sherborne, but in 905 a separate diocese of Wilton was founded, the see being fixed alternately at Ramsbury, Wilton and Sunning in Berkshire . Shortly before the Conquest Wilton was reunited to the Sherborne diocese, and by the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of 1075–1076 the see was transferred to Salisbury . The archdeaconrics of Wiltshire and Salisbury are mentioned in 1180; in 1291 the former included the deaneries of Avebury, Malmesbury, Marlborough and Cricklade within this county, and the latter the deaneries of Amesbury, Potterne, Wilton, Chalke and Wylye . In 1535 the archdeaconry of Salisbury included the additional deanery of Salisbury, while Potterne deanery had been transferred to the archdeaconry of Wiltshire . The deaneries of the archdeaconry of Salisbury have remained unaltered; Wiltshire archdeaconry now includes the deaneries of Avebury, Marlborough and Potterne; and the deaneries of Chippenham, Cricklade and Malmesbury form part of the archdeaconry and diocese of Bristol . The inhabitants of Wiltshire have always been addicted to See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial rather than warlike pursuits, and the See also:

• POLITICAL

political history of the county is not remarkable . In 1686, after the completion of the Domesday Survey, Salisbury was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of a great See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, in which all the landholders took oaths of See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the king; and a council for the same purpose assembled at Salisbury in 1116 . At Clarendon in 1166 was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up the See also:

• ASSIZE

assize which remodelled the provincial See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice . Parliaments were held at Marlborough in 1267 and at Salisbury in 1328 and 1384 . During the See also:

• WARS

wars of See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen's reign Salisbury, Devizes and Malmesbury were garrisoned by See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger, bishop of Salisbury, for the empress, but in 1138 Stephen seized the bishop and captured Devizes See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle . In 1216 Marl-borough Castle was surrendered to See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis by See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh de See also:

• NEVILLE, GEORGE (c. 1432-1476)
• NEVILLE, or NEVILL
• NEVILLE, RALPH (d. 1244)

Neville . See also:

• HUBERT (HUCBERTUS, HUGBERTUS), ST (d. 727)

Hubert de See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

Burgh escaped in 1233 from Devizes Castle, where he had been imprisoned in the previous year .

In the Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of the 17th century Wiltshire actively supported the parliamentary cause, displaying a spirit of violent See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Catholicism, and the efforts of the See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of See also:

• HERTFORD
• HERTFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Hertford and of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• SEYMOUR
• SEYMOUR, HORATIO (1810-1886)
• SEYMOUR, or ST MAUR
• SEYMOUR, THOMAS

Seymour to raise a party for the king met with vigorous resistance from the inhabitants . The Royalists, however, made some progress in the early See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of the struggle, Marlborough being captured for the king in 1642, while in 1643 the forces of the earl of See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex were routed by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles I. and See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• RUPERT (1352—1410)
• RUPERT (HRODBERT), ST
• RUPERT, PRINCE, COUNT PALATINE OF THE RHINE AND DUKE OF BAVARIA (1619—1682)

Rupert at Aldbourne, and in the same year See also:

• WALLER, EDMUND (1606-1687)
• WALLER, LEWIS (186o- )
• WALLER, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1597-1668)

Waller, after failing to See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture Devizes, was defeated in a skirmish at Roundway Down . The year 1645 saw the rise of the " Clubmen " of Dorset and Wiltshire, whose See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• OBJECT

object was peace; th