See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

ROBERT See also:

• WINCHELSEA
• WINCHELSEA, ANNE FINCH, COUNTESS OF (1661-1720)
• ROBERT WINCHELSEA (d. 1313)

WINCHELSEA (d. 1313)  , See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, was probably See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Old See also:

• WINCHELSEA
• WINCHELSEA, ANNE FINCH, COUNTESS OF (1661-1720)
• WINCHELSEA, ROBERT (d. 1313)

Winchelsea . He studied and then taught at the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, where he attained celebrity as a See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, and became See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of the former, and subsequently See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the latter university . He held prebendal stalls in the cathedrals of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln and St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's, and was made See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon of See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex about 1283 . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1292 See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• PECKHAM, JOHN (d. 1292)

Peckham, archbishop of Canterbury, died, and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the following See also:

• YEAR

year Winchelsea was elected as his successor . His See also:

• CONSECRATION (Lat. consecrallo, from con and sacrare, " to make sacred ")

consecration, which took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at See also:

• AQUILA
• AQUILA ('AxdXas), (1)
• AQUILA, CASPAR [KASPAR ADLER] (1488-1560)
• AQUILA, SERAFINO

Aquila in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1294, was delayed owing to the vacancy in the papacy, but he found no difficulty in obtaining the temporalities of the see from See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• EDWARD

Edward I . Winchelsea is chiefly renowned as a strenuous upholder of the privileges of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy and the authority of the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, and as a fearless opponent of Edward I . Strengthened by the issue of the papal See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull Clericis laicos in 1296, he stimulated the clergy to refuse pecuniary assistance to Edward in 1297; but after the king had pronounced See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of See also:

• OUTLAWRY

outlawry against the delinquents he instructed each clerk to decide this question for himself . Personally the archbishop still declined to make any contribution towards the expenses of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, and his lands were seized and held by Edward until See also:

• JULY

July 1297, when a somewhat ostentatious reconciliation between king and See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate took place at See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster . He took some See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement which led to the See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation of the charters by Edward later in the same year, but the struggle with the king did not exhaust his energies . He asserted his authority over his suffragans to the full; quarrelled with Pope See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface VIII. over the presentation to a See also:

• SUSSEX
• SUSSEX, EARLS OF
• SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (SO Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons)
• SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583)

Sussex living, and was excommunicated by one of the pope's minions; and vigorously contested the claim of the archbishop of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York to carry his See also:

• CROSS

cross erect in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Canterbury . Before these events, however, the See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with Edward had been renewed, although Winchelsea officiated in 1299 at the king's See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret, daughter of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip III., king of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . Joining the barons in demanding certain reforms from Edward at the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of Lincoln in 1301, he compelled the king to give way on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main issues; but the indignation which followed the claim of Pope Boniface to be the See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, a claim which was supported by Winchelsea, led to the rupture of this See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance .

It is probable that one of the reasons which led the archbishop to join in these proceedings was his hostility to Edward's adviser, See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• LANGTON, JOHN (d. 1337)
• LANGTON, S
• LANGTON, STEPHEN (d. 1228)
• LANGTON, WALTER (d. 1321)

Langton, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• LICHFIELD

Lichfield, whom he sought to disgrace both in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . The king cherished his indignation until his friend See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement V. became pope in 1305, when he made his final move against Winchelsea . Listening to Edward's envoys, Langton and See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• LACY, FRANZ MORITZ, COUNT (1725-1801)
• LACY, HARRIETTE DEBORAH (1807-1874)
• LACY, MICHAEL ROPHINO (1795–1867)

Lacy, See also:

• EARL

earl of Lincoln, Clement suspended the archbishop, who, after vainly imploring the intercession of the king, See also:

• LEFT

left England and journeyed to the papal See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court at See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux, remaining in See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile until Edward's See also:

• DEATH

death in July 1307 . The new king, Edward II., requested Clement to allow Winchelsea to return to his see . The pope assented, but soon after his return to England early in 1308 the archbishop joined the king's enemies; even demanded the See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release from See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison of his old enemy, Langton, and was one of the " ordainers appointed in 1310 . He assisted the barons in their struggle with Edward II. by a frequent use of spiritual weapons, and took part in the proceedings against the See also:

• TEMPLARS

Templars . He died at Otford on the r1th of May 1313 . Miracles were said to have been worked at his See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb in Canterbury See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, but efforts to procure his See also:

• CANONIZATION

canonization were unavailing . Although a See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest Winchelsea was somewhat ascetic, and his private See also:

• LIFE

life was distinguished for sanctity and generosity . As an ecclesiastic, however, he was haughty and fond of See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power; and he has been not inappropriately described as " the greatest churchman of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time." See See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I. and Edward II., edited with introduction by W . See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1882–1883) ; S . Birching-ton, in the Anglia sacra, edited by H .

See also:

• WHARTON (FAMILY)
• WHARTON, FRANCIS (1820–1889)
• WHARTON, HENRY (1664–1695)

Wharton (London, 1691); and W . Stubbs, Constitutional See also:

• HISTORY

History, vol. ii . (Oxford, 1896) .