WINNEBAGO  . Siouan . 1070 in See also:

• NEBRASKA

Nebraska; t285 in Wiscon- able . Citizens of U.S., making See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• PRO

pro- Dorsey, See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

Mythology of the See also:

• WICHITA

Wichita \VvoNDot . Iroquoian. See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin . Considerable. gress . See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic and See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant (See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, 19o4) and other See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ- 1 A>;nt i . Sahaptian . 385 in See also:

• OKLAHOMA (a Choctaw Indian word meaning " red people ")

Oklahoma; r at Anderdon, No pure-bloodsleft, See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions. togs . Y'et.~ utvKNIvES . Athabaskan . See also:

• ONTARIO
• ONTARIO, LAKE

Ontario, See also:

• CANADA

Canada. hardly a See also:

• HALF

half- Many good citizens of U.S. and pro- Thwaites, See also:

• COLL

Coll .

Stale His !. See also:

• SOC

Soc . Wis- Y USIA . Yuman . About 15oo in Washington. See also:

• BLOOD

blood. gressing . Suffering from liquor See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, 1892; See also:

• FLETCHER, ALICE CUNNINGHAM (1845– )
• FLETCHER, ANDREW
• FLETCHER, GILES (c. 1548-1611)
• FLETCHER, GILES (c. 1584-1623)
• FLETCHER, JOHN WILLIAM (1729-1785)
• FLETCHER, PHINEAS (1582-1650)

Fletcher, fount . Amer . 'Lank Zunian . About Soo N.E. of See also:

• GREAT

Great Slave See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Considerable. and the mescal See also:

• BEAN (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Bohne)

bean to some ex- Folk-See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

Lore, 189o; McGee, 75th See also:

• ANN

Ann . in N.W . Canada . Not much. See also:

• TENT

tent .

See also:

• REP, REPP, or REPS

Rep . See also:

• BUR, or BURR (apparently the same word as Danish borre, burdock, cf. Swed. kard-boore)

Bur . Ethnnl., 1893-1894 . 807 at Fort Yuma Agency, See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California, Some S p an i sh More See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white than See also:

• INDIAN

Indian . See also:

• POWELL, FREDERICK YORK (1850-1904)
• POWELL, GEORGE (c. 1658-1714)
• POWELL, JOHN WESLEY (1834–1902)
• POWELL, VAVASOR (1617-1670)

Powell, 1st Ann . Rep . Bur . Ethnol., and a few at See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• CARLOS, DON (1545-1568)
• CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)
• CARLOS, DON (CHARLES MARIA DE LOS DOLORES JUAN ISIDOR.E JOSEPH FRANCIS QUIRIN ANTONY MICHAEL GABRIEL RAPHAEL) (1848—1909)

Carlos, See also:

• ARIZONA (from the Spanish-Indian Arizonac, of unknown meaning,—possibly " few springs,"-the name of an 18th-century mining camp in the Santa Cruz valley, just S. of the present border of Arizona)

Arizona . (Mexican) blood . See also:

• LATE

Late reports indicate See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence 1879-188o; Connelley, Ann . See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch . See See also:

• PUEBLOS

Pueblos .

Zuflian. of whnes . Rep . Ontario, 1905, and See also:

• WYANDOT

Wyandot No See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical advance as yet . Folk-Lore (See also:

• TOPEKA

Topeka, 7899); Merwin, Progress good . Catholic and Pro- Trans . See also:

• KANSAS (known as the Sunflower State ")

Kansas See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State Hirt . Soc., testant missions . 1906 . See Pueblos . Pandosy, Grams,, and Did. of Yakima (7862); See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis, Mem . Amer . Anlhrop .

Assoc., 1906 . Writings of I'etitot, Morice, &c . Peti- tot, Amour du See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• LAC

Lac See also:

• DES

des Es- chives (7891), and Monographic des Dene-Dindjie (1876) . See See also:

• CARRIERS

Carriers, See also:

• CHIPEWYAN

Chipewyan . Gatschet, Ztschr. i . Ethnolsgie (1893); 'I-rippell, Overland Monthly, 1889; Dorsey, See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians of the Soulh-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west (19o3) . See See also:

• MISSION

Mission Indians . See Pueblos (Zunian) . From the tables it will be seen that the See also:

• AMERICAN

American Indians in some parts of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America are not decreasing, but either holding their own or even increasing; also that Popula- tion, &G. thousands of them are now to all intents and purposes the equals in See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, See also:

• THRIFT

thrift, See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and intelligence of the See also:

• AVERAGE

average white See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and citizens with him in the same society . In certain regions of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent small tribes have been annihilated in the course of See also:

• WARS

wars with other Indians or with the whites, and others have been decimated by disease, See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine, &c.; and over large areas the aboriginal See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, according to some authorities, has vastly diminished . Thus Morice estimates that the Athabaskan population at See also:

• PRESENT

present in Canada (about 20.000) is less than one-seventh of what it was a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century or more ago; See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill-Tout thinks the See also:

• SALISHAN

Salishan tribes (c . 15,000) number not one-fifth of their population a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years ago, and equally great reductions are claimed for some other peoples of the North Pacific region; Kroeber thinks probable an Indian population in California of 150,000 before the arrival of the whites, as compared with but 15,000 now; by some the arid regions of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-west are supposed to have sustained a very large population in earlier times; certain of the Plains tribes are known to have lost much in population since contact with the whites .

But under better care and more favourable conditions generally some tribes seem to be taking on a new See also:

• LEASE (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. laxare, to loosen)

lease of See also:

• LIFE

life and are apparently beginning to thrive again . A considerable portion of the " disappearance " of the Indian is through amalgamation with the whites . Undoubtedly, in some parts of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, exaggerated ideas prevalent in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early colonial See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period as to the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of the native population have interfered with a correct estimate of the See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines past and present . Mooney thinks that the See also:

• CHEROKEE
• CHEROKEE (native Tsalagi, " cave people ")

Cherokee " are probably about as numerous now as at any period in their See also:

• HISTORY

history " (Nndh. tiler . Inds., 1907, pt. i . P . 247), and this is perhaps true also of some other tribes See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi . See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major J . \V . Powell was of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that the Indian population north of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico is as large to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day as it was at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery . This, however, is not the view of the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of authorities . The See also:

• TOTAL

total number of Indians in Canada (Ann .

Rep . Dept . Ind . Alf., 1907) for 1907 is given as 110,345, as compared with 109,394 for the previous See also:

• YEAR

year, not including the See also:

• MICMAC

Micmac in See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland and the Indians and See also:

• ESKIMO, ESKIMOS

Eskimo in that See also:

• PART

part of Labrador belonging to Newfoundland . In 1903 the figures were 108,233 . The gain may be largely due to more careful enumeration of Indians in the less well-known parts of the country, but there is evidently no marked decrease going on, but rather a slight increase in Ontario, See also:

• QUEBEC

Quebec, New See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick, &c . In the See also:

• UNITED

United States (exclusive of See also:

• ALASKA

Alaska, which See also:

• COUNTS

counts about 30,000) the Indian population (Ann . Rep . Ind . Aff., 195-6) is estimated at 197,289, no including the " Five Civilized Tribes," of whose numbers (94,292) some 65,000 can be reckoned as Indians—a total of 382,000 . The figures of 197,289, according to the See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report, show an increase in population " due mainly to increase in number of Indians reported from California." The See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the Indians of the Dominion of Canada for the year ending See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 31, 1907, is indicated in the following table: Total Amount Total Income of Real and for the See also:

• PERSONAL

Personal Year . See also:

• PROPERTY

Property .

Ontario . $7,566,125 $1,426,690 Quebec 1,781,330 915,783 N . Brunswick . 189,701 109,892 N . See also:

• SCOTIA (Gr. o'Karca, shadow or darkness)

Scotia . . 151,949 76,603 P . E . I . . . . 6,370 15,374 See also:

• MANITOBA

Manitoba 2,102,044 348,966 B . See also:

• COLUMBIA

Columbia 7,475,719 1,501,456 Sask . . .

7,721,532 548,533 See also:

• ALBERTA

Alberta . . . 5,154,789 211,839 Total $30,129,659 $5,155,052 The total amounts earned during the year were: from See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, $1,337,948; See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages and See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, $714,125; fishing, $544,487; See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting and trapping, $630,633 . Of these hunting and trapping show a decided decrease over 1906 . The Indian See also:

• TRUST

Trust Fund amounts to $5,157,566.59 . The total See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

appropriation in connexion with the Indians of the Dominion for all purposes for the year 1906–1907 was $1,o55,oto and the actual See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure some $114,000 less . The total amount of sales of lands for the benefit of Indian tribes was $422,086.13 . The See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance to the See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit of the Itndian savings See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for the funding of the annuities and earnings of pupils at See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, together with collections from Indians for See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and for ranching expenses, was $51,708.92 . According to the Report of the See also:

• COMMISSIONER

Commissioner of Indian Affairs the total amount of trust funds held by the United States See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government for the Indians, in lieu of investment, amounted to $36,352,950.97, yielding for 1906 See also:

• INTEREST

interest at 4 and 5% of $1,788,237.23 . The total incomes of the various tribes from all See also:

• SOURCES

sources for the year ending See also:

• JUNE

June 30, 1906, was $6,557,554.39, including interest on trust funds, treaty agreement and obligations, gratuities, Indian See also:

• MONEY

money, proceeds of labour, &c . While the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general constitution of the American aborigines north of Mexico is such as to justify their designation as one " American See also:

• RACE

race," whose nearest congener is to be found in the " Mongolian race " of eastern See also:

• ASIA

Asia, &c., there is a wide range in variation within the American tribes with respect to particular See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical characteristics . Some authorities, Phkal like Dr Hrdlicka (Handb .

Amer . Inds . N. of Mex., istics . 1907, pt. i. p . 53), See also:

• SEPARATE

separate the Eskimo from the " Indians," regarding them as " a distinct sub-race of the Mongolo-See also:

• MALAY

Malay," but this is hardly necessary if, with Boas (Ann . Archaeol . Rep . Ontario, 19o5, p . 85), we " consider the inhabitants of north-eastern Asia and of America as a unit divided into a great many distinct types but belonging to one and the same of the large divisions of mankind." Upon the basis of See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences in stature and general bodily conformation, See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of skin, texture and See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, shape of See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose, See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face and See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, &c., some twenty-one different physical " types " north of Mexico have been recognized . Although the variation in stature, from the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• HARRISON
• HARRISON, BENJAMIN
• HARRISON, FREDERIC (1831— )
• HARRISON, JOHN (1693—1776)
• HARRISON, THOMAS (16o6-166o)
• HARRISON, THOMAS ALEXANDER (1853– )
• HARRISON, WILLIAM (1534–1593)
• HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY (1773–1841)

Harrison Lake (average 1611 mm.) to the tall See also:

• SIOUX

Sioux (average 1726 mm.), Eastern Chippewa (average 1723 mm.), See also:

• IROQUOIS

Iroquois (average 1727 mm.), See also:

• OMAHA

Omaha and Winnebago (average 1733 mm.) and other tribes of the Plains and the regions farther east, is considerable, the North American Indian, on the whole, may be termed a tall race . The stature of See also:

• WOMEN

women averages among the tall tribes about 92%, and among the short tribes about 94% of that of the men . The proportion of statures (adult See also:

• MALES

males) above 1730 mm. in certain Indian tribes (Boas) is as follows: See also:

• APACHE
• APACHE (apparently from the Zuni name, = " enemy," given to the Navaho Indians)

Apache and See also:

• NAVAHO, or NAVAJO

Navaho, 25'3; See also:

• ARAPAHO (possibly from the Pawnee for " trader ")

Arapaho, 45.9; See also:

• ARIKARA, or ARICARA (from ariki, horn)

Arikara, 15.2; See also:

• BRITISH

British Columbia (See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast), 28.8; British Columbia (interior), 16.4; California (south), 32'7; Cherokee (eastern), 21•o; Cherokee (western), 4o•7; See also:

• CHEYENNE
• CHEYENNE (Sioux for " of alien speech ")

Cheyenne, 72.2; See also:

• CHICKASAW

Chickasaw, 23.8; See also:

• CHINOOK

Chinook, 36.2; See also:

• CHOCTAW

Choctaw, 32.6; See also:

• COAHUILA

Coahuila, 14.2; See also:

• COMANCHE

Comanche, 27.1; See also:

• CREE

Cree, 33.4; See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek, 53.6; See also:

• CROW (Dutch, kraal, Ger. Krdhe, Fr. corbeau, Lat. corvus)

Crow, 51.3; See also:

• DELAWARE

Delaware, 41.1; Eskimo (Alaska), 5.9; Eskimo (Labrador), o•o; Flathead, 18.9; Harrison Lake, B.C., t•o; Hupa, 18.7; Iroquois, 52.1; Kiowa, 41.3; See also:

• KLAMATH

Klamath, 20.0; Kootenay, 26•o; Micmac and See also:

• ABNAKI
• ABNAKI (" the whitening sky at daybreak," i.e. Easterners)

Abnaki, 45.7; Ojibwa (eastern), 42.7; Ojibwa (western), 42.7; Omaha and Winnebago, 54.9; See also:

• OREGON

Oregon (south), 5.1; See also:

• OTTAWA

Ottawa and See also:

• MENOMINEE

Menominee, 30.6; See also:

• PAIUTE

Paiute, 22'1; See also:

• PAWNEE
• PAWNEE (perhaps from the native word fer " horn," in allusion to their scalping lock, which was " dressed " so as to stand straight up)

Pawnee, 39.0; See also:

• PUGET, PIERRE (1622-1694)

Puget See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound and Makah, 6.5; See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round Valley, Cal., 3.3; Sahaptin, 28.2; Shuswap, 15.9; Sioux, 50.8; Taos, 18.5; See also:

• UTE
• UTE, or UTAH

Ute, 12.4; Zuni and Moqui, 1.9 .

Very notable is the percentage of tall statures among the Cheyenne, Creek, Crow, Iroquois, &c . The form of the head (See also:

• SKULL

skull) varies considerably among the Indian tribes north of Mexico, See also:

• RUNNING

running from the See also:

• DOLICHOCEPHALIC (long-headed)

dolichocephalic eastern Eskimo with a cephalic See also:

• INDEX

index of 71.3 on the skull to the See also:

• BRACHYCEPHALIC (Gr. for short-headed)

brachycephalic Aleuts with 84.8 . Several tribes practising deformation of the skull (See also:

• MOUND

mound-builders, Klamath, &c.) show much higher brachycephaly . The percentage of cephalic indices above 84 (on the heads of living individuals) among certain Indian tribes (Boas) is as follows: Apache, 87.6; Arapaho, 5.0; Arikara, 24.6; Blackfeet, 6.2; See also:

• CADDO

Caddo, 47.2; Cherokee, 2o•o; Cheyenne, 10.4; Chickasaw, 14.4; Comanche, 65.3; Cree, 4.9; Creek, 25•o; Crow, 12.0; Delaware 12.0; Eskimo, (Alaska), io•6; Harrison Lake, B.C., 88.8; Iroquois, 15.4; Kiowa, 25.0; Kootenay, 19.1; See also:

• MANDAN

Mandan, 4.5; Micmac and Abnaki, 7.0; See also:

• MOHAVE (corrupted from hamok-habi; " three mountains," their native name, with reference to three peaks, which form a prominent feature of their country)

Mohave, 86.5; See also:

• MONTAGNAIS (Fr. " mountaineers ")

Montagnais, 21.7; Moqui, 54.3; Navaho, 49'4; Ojibwa (eastern), 26.6; Ojibwa (western), 10.2; Omaha, 23.0; Oregon (south), 50.9; Osage, 79.1; Ottawa and Menominee, 24.7; Pawnee, 4.8; See also:

• PIMA

Pima, 9.6; Round Valley, Cal., 4.8; Sahaptin, 57.4; Shuswap, 59'9; Sioux, 9.6; Taos, 6.o; Ute, 8.9; Wichita, 96.o; Winnebago, 66.8; Zuni, 41.4 . The Apache, Mohave, Navaho, Osage, Sahaptin, Wichita and Winnebago practised skull-deformation, which accounts in part for their high figures . The brachycephalic tendency of the Caddo, Moqui, Shuswap and Zuni is marked; the Comanche, with an average cephalic index of 84.6 and the Harrison Lake people with one of 88.8, are noteworthy in this respect . As in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of stature, so in the case of head-form, there seems to have been much mingling of types, especially in the See also:

• HURON
• HURON (a French term, from huge', bristled, early used as an expression of contempt, signifying "lout ")

Huron-Algonkian region, the Great Plains and the North Pacific coast . The North American Indian may be described in general as See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown-skinned (of various shades, with reddish tinge, some-times dark and See also:

• CHOCOLATE

chocolate or almost See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black in colour) with black hair and eyes varying from See also:

• HAZEL (0. Eng. hresell; cf. Ger. Hasel, Swed. and Dan. Kassel, &c.,; Fr. noiselier, coudrier)

hazel brown to dark brown . Under good conditions of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, &c., the Indian tends to be tall and See also:

• MESOCEPHALIC

mesocephalic as to head-form, and well-proportioned and symmetrical in See also:

• BODY

body . The ideal Indian type can be met with among the youth of several different tribes (Plains Indians, Algonkians, Iroquoians, Muskogians and some of the tribes of the south-western United States) . Beauty among the aborigines of America north of Mexico has been the subjectof brief studies by Dr R . W .

Shufeldt and Dr A . Hrdlicka (Boas Anniv . Vol., New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1996, pp . 38-42) . The extent to which the red and white races have mixed their blood in various parts of North America is greater than is generally thought . The Eskimo of See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland have intermarried with the Danes, and their kinsmen of Labrador with the See also:

• ENGLISH

English settlers and "summerers." The eastern Algonkian Indians in New See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and Acadia have now considerable See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, English and Scottish blood . Many of the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian Iroquois are more than half French, many of the Iroquois of New York half English . The Cherokee, an Iroquoian people of the Carolinas, have some admixture of Scottish and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German blood, to which Mooney would attribute some, at least, of their remarkable progress . In the state of Oklahoma, which has absorbed the old " Indian Territory," the results of race-amalgamation are apparent in the large number of mixed bloods of all shades . In spite of the See also:

• ROMANCE

romance of Pocahontas, the intermarriages of the two races in the Virginian region seem not to have been very See also:

• COMMON

common or very important . Nor does there appear to have been much inter-See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage between Spaniards and Indians in the south See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic region, though in See also:

• TEXAS

Texas, &c., there was a good See also:

• DEAL

deal . In New See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, in spite of the efforts of some See also:

• RECENT

recent Canadian-French writers to minimize the fact, intermixture between whites. and Indians began early and continued to be extensive .

In parts of New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, some of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern American states and regions of the Canadian north-west, there are Indian villages and white settlements where hardly a single individual of absolutely pure blood can now be found . In the See also:

• VEINS

veins of some of the " Iroquois " of Caughnawaga and New York state to-day flows blood of the best colonial stock (See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

Rice, Hill, See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams, Stacey, &c., captives adopted and married within the tribe) . In the great Canadian north-west, and to a large extent also in the tier'of American states to the south, the blood of the Indian, through the mingling of French, Scottish and English traders, trappers, employees of the great See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur companies, See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer settlers, &c., has entered largely and significantly into the life of the nation, the half-breed See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element playing a most important role in social, commercial and industrial development . In 1879, besides those whose mixed blood had not been remembered and those who wished to forget it, there were, according to Dr Havard (Rep . Smiths . Inst., 1879), at least 22,000 metis in the United States and 18,000 in Canada (i.e. in the north-west in each case) . When the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Manitoba entered the Canadian See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation it numbered within the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders some 1o,000 mixed-bloods, one of whom, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Norquay, afterwards became its premier . In the Columbia See also:

• RIVER

river region and British Columbia some intermixture has taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, originating in the conditions due to the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of trading-posts, the circumstances of the early See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of the country, &c.—this has been both French and English and Scottish . Farther north in Alaska the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian occupation led to not a little inter-mixture, both with the Aleuts, &c., and the coast Indians . In some parts of the far north intermixture of the whites with the Athabaskans is just beginning . In Canada no See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition of marriage between whites and Indians exists, but such unions are forbidden by See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law in the states of Arizona, Oregon, North Carolina and South Carolina . A considerable number of the chiefs and able men of the various Indian tribes of certain regions in recent times have had more or less white blood—Iroquois, Algonkian, Siouan, &c.—who have sometimes worked with and sometimes against the whites .

In thg case of some tribes there have been " pure blood " and " mixed blood " factions . Some tribes have frowned upon See also:

• MISCEGENATION (from Lat. miscere, to mix, and genus, race)

miscegenation; even the Pueblos (except See also:

• LAGUNA, or LA LAGUNA

Laguna, which is Keresan) have never intermarried with the whites . Both in Canada and the United States strains of Indian blood run in the veins of prominent families . Some of the " first families of See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia " are proud to descend from Pocahontas, the Algonkian " Princess," who married the Englishman Rolfe . In See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine may still be discovered perhaps those whose See also:

• LINE

line of life goes back to the See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron de St Casteins and his Abnaki See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride, while in Ontario and New York are to be met those who trace their ancestry back to the famous Iroquois See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• BRANT, JOSEPH (1742-1807)
• BRANT, SEBASTIAN (1457-1521)

Brant and his half-English wife . In the early history of See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania and See also:

• OHIO

Ohio were noted the Montours, descendants of a French nobleman who about Race mixture . 1665 had a son and two daughters by a Huron woman in Canada . In 1817 See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain John S . See also:

• PIERCE, FRANKLIN (1804—1869)

Pierce, U.S.A., See also:

• BROTHER

brother of See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin Pierce, married the See also:

• FAIR

fair Josette la Framboise, who had at least a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter Indian (Ottawa) blood . In the latter part of the 18th century a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Irish See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman married Neengai, daughter of the See also:

• MICHIGAN
• MICHIGAN, LAKE
• MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Michigan Ojibwa See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief Waubojeeg, and of the daughters See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born to them one married a Canadian Frenchman of reputation in the early development of the province of Ontario, another the Rev . Mr McMurray, afterwards Episcopal See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon of See also:

• NIAGARA
• NIAGARA, FORT

Niagara, and a third See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry R . See also:

• SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY ROWE (1793-1864)

Schoolcraft, the ethnologist .

Several Indians, some full-blood, others with more or less white blood in their veins, have rendered See also:

• SIGNAL

signal service to ethnological See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . These deserve See also:

• SPECIAL

special mention: See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis la Flesche, an Omaha, a See also:

• GRADUATE (Med. Lat. graduale, to admit to an academical degree, gradus)

graduate of the See also:

• NATIONAL

National University Law School, D.C., holding a position in the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office of Indian Affairs; Dr See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones, a See also:

• SAC

Sac and See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

Fox, in the service of the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

Field Museum, See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago, a graduate of Harvard and of Columbia (Ph.D.); and J . N . B . See also:

• HEWITT, ABRAM STEVENS (1822-1903)

Hewitt, a See also:

• TUSCARORA

Tuscarora, ethnologist in the See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau of American See also:

• ETHNOLOGY

Ethnology, Washington, D.C . In some regions considerable intermixture between negroes and Indians (Science, New York, vol. xvii., 1891, pp . 85-9o) has occurred, e.g. among the Mashpee and See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

Gay Head Indians of See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts, the remnants of the Pequots in See also:

• CONNECTICUT

Connecticut, the Shinnecocks and the Montauks, &c., of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island• the Pamunkeys, Mattaponies and some other small Virginian and Carolinian tribes . In earlier times some admixture of See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro blood took place among the Seminoles, although now the remnants of that people still in See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida are much averse to miscegenation . Of the tribes of the Muskogian stock who kept large numbers of negro slaves the Creeks are said to have about one-third of their number of mixed Indian-negro blood . Sporadic intermixture of this sort is reported from the See also:

• SHAWNEE

Shawnee, the See also:

• MINNESOTA

Minnesota Chippewa, the Canadian Tuscarora, the Caddo, &c., in the case of the last the admixture may be considerable . It is also thought probable that many of the negroes of the whole See also:

• LOWER

lower Atlantic coast and Gulf region may have strains of Indian blood . The mythology and folk-lore of the negroes of this region may have borrowed not a little from the Indian, for as Mooney notes (15th Rep .

Bur . Amer . Ethnol., 1900, pp . 232-234), " in all the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern colonies Indian slaves were bought and sold and kept in See also:

• SERVITUDE (Lat. servitus, from service, to serve)

servitude and worked in the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side with negroes up to the time of the Revolution." When Dr John R . Swanton visited the See also:

• HAIDA

Haida recently the richest man among the Skidegate tribe was a negro . Some of the Plains tribes and some Indians of the far west, however, have taken a dislike to the negro . The See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader in the " See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston See also:

• MASSACRE

Massacre " of March 5, 1770, was Crispus Attucks, of See also:

• FRAMINGHAM

Framingham, See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass., the son of a negro See also:

• FATHER

father and a See also:

• NATICK

Natick Indian See also:

• MOTHER

mother . The physical See also:

• ANTHROPOLOGY (Gr. avOpw1ror man, and Xoyos, theory or science)

anthropology of the white-Indian half-blood has been studied by Dr See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz Boas (Pop . Sci . Monthly, New York, 1894) . The culture, arts and industries of the American aborigines exhibit marked See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence to and dependence upon environ-Culture, ment, varying with the natural conditions of See also:

• LAND

land arts, tn• and See also:

• WATER

water, wealth or poverty of the See also:

• SOIL

soil, abundance dustries, or scarcity of plant and See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal life subsidiary to human etc. existence, &c . See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor O .

T . See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

Mason (Handb. of Amer . Inds . N. of Mexico, 1907, pt. i. pp . 427-430; also Rep . Smiths . Inst., 1895, and Pop . Sci . Monthly, 1902) recognizes north of Mexico twelve " ethnic environments," in each of which there is " an ensemble of qualities that impressed themselves on their inhabitants and differentiated them." These twelve " ethnic environments " are: (I) See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic (Eskimo); (2) See also:

• YUKON

Yukon-See also:

• MACKENZIE
• MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822-1892)
• MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER (c. 1755-1820)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1847— )
• MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691)
• MACKENZIE, SIR MORELL (1837-1892)
• MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (1795-1861)

Mackenzie (practically Athabaskan); (3) Great Lakes and St See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence (Algonkian-Iroquoian); (4) Atlantic Slope (Algonkian, Iroquoian, Siouan, &c.); (5) Gulf Coast, embracing region from See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia to Texas (Muskogian and a number of smaller See also:

• STOCKS

stocks); (6) Mississippi Valley (largely Algonkian and " mound-buil