See also:

• WISCONSIN (known as " the Badger' state ")
• WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF

WISCONSIN (known as " the See also:

• BADGER

Badger' See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state ")  , one of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Central states of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America . It is bounded on the E. by See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• MICHIGAN
• MICHIGAN, LAKE
• MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Michigan, on the N. by the Upper See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula of Michigan and Lake See also:

• SUPERIOR

Superior, on the W. by See also:

• MINNESOTA

Minnesota and See also:

• IOWA

Iowa, and on the S. by See also:

• ILLINOIS

Illinois . Its greatest length from N. to S . (42° 30' N . See also:

• LAT

Lat. to 47° 3' N . Lat.) is 300 m., and its greatest breadth (86° 49' W . See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long. to 92° 54' W . Long.) is 250 M . The greater See also:

• PART

part of the western boundary separating the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state from Minnesota and Iowa consists of the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi and St Croix See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers flowing S. and the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• RIVER

river flowing into Lake Superior . The See also:

• MENOMINEE

Menominee and See also:

• MONTREAL

Montreal rivers See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a considerable part of the boundary See also:

• LINE

line on the N. and E., separating it from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan . The state's lake See also:

• SHORE

shore boundary is more than 55o M. long . Included in See also:

• WISCONSIN (known as " the Badger' state ")
• WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF

Wisconsin are the Apostle Islands in Lake Superior, and See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island and a See also:

• GROUP

group of smaller islands at the entrance to See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green See also:

• BAY

Bay on the Lake Michigan See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side .

The state occupies a See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of 56,o66 sq. m.,2 810 of which are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface . Roughly speaking, it divides the See also:

• GREAT

Great Lakes region from the upper valley receives several rivers of considerable length, the most important of La Crosse, on the western border and less than 6o m. fatae''r north, which are the Chippewa and the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black . The Wisconsin river rises they ranged during the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period from 104° to – 43° . The greatest on the Upper Michigan border and flows S. and W. for 600 m., extremes recorded at See also:

• REGULAR

regular observing stations range from III ° at joining the Mississippi near See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

Prairie du Ch .en . It is navigable as far See also:

• BRODHEAD, JOHN ROMEYN (1814–1873)

Brodhead, in Green See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county and near the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern border, on the 21st as See also:

• PORTAGE

Portage, some 200 m. from its mouth . The See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

Fox river (more than of See also:

• JULY

July 1901 to – 48° at Barron, in Barron county in the north-western 26o m. long) rises in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south central portion of the state, flows N. part of the state, on the loth of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1889 . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ANNUAL

annual and E. by a circuitous route through Lake See also:

• WINNEBAGO

Winnebago, and thence precipitation for the state is 31.5 in . Two-thirds of this comes in the N. into Green Bay, and is the longest and most important stream six growing months from See also:

• APRIL

April to See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September inclusive, and the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-draining into Lake Michigan . The See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf river is its most important fall is well distributed over all sections . There is an annual snowfall tributary, joining it from the N., in its upper course . Besides the of 53 in. in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, 40 in. in the southern section and Fox several srnaller streams drain into the Lake Michigan See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin . 36 in. in the central section, which is quite evenly distributed through Among these are the Menominee and See also:

• OCONTO

Oconto, which flow into Green the months of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, See also:

• JANUARY

January, February and See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March .

In the Bay; an See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of Lake Michigan, and the See also:

• SHEBOYGAN

Sheboygan and See also:

• MILWAUKEE

Milwaukee northern section the heavy snowfall is caused by the cyclonic storms rivers emptying directly into the lake . The southern portion of the along the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian border, and in the southern section the snowfall state is drained by several streams flowing across the Illinois boundary is increased by the storms which ascend the Mississippi Valley . All and finding their way eventually through other rivers into the sections of the state are subject to tornadoes . They occur more Mississippi . The largest of these are the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock, See also:

• DES

Des Plaines, Fox frequently in the western portion than in the eastern portion, but (of the Illinois), or Pishtaka, and the Pecatonica rivers . On See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account I one of the most destructive in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the state occurred at of glacial disturbance of the drainage, Wisconsin's many streams See also:

• RACINE
• RACINE, JEAN (1639-1699)
• RACINE, LOUIS (1692-1763)

Racine on the 18th of May 1883 . This See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm killed 25 persons, ,provide water-See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of great value that have contributed much to the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial prosperity of the state . The most valuable of these are the Fox, the Rock and the upper Wisconsin and its tributaries . Wisconsin has more than 2500 lakes, mostly in the glaciated N. and E. parts of the state . Of these the largest is Lake Winnebago, between See also:

• CALUMET (Norm. Fr. form of chalumet, from Lat. calamus, a reed)

Calumet, Outagamie, Fond du See also:

• LAC

Lac and Winnebago counties, with an extreme length of 30 M. and a breadth of 10 m., and one of the largest bodies of water lying wholly within any state in the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union . On its See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks are the important manufacturing cities of See also:

• OSHKOSH

Oshkosh, Fond du Lac, See also:

• NEENAH

Neenah and See also:

• MENASHA (an Indian word meaning " thorn " or " island ")

Menasha, and through it flows the Fox river . In the S. and E. portions of the state the lakes are beautiful clear bodies of water with sandy or gravelled shores, and, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, high banks heavily wooded .

Many of them are famous as summer resorts, notably Lake See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, Green Lake, the lakes in See also:

• WAUKESHA

Waukesha county and the famous " four lakes " near See also:

• MADISON
• MADISON, JAMES (1751–1836)

Madison . See also:

• FLORA

Flora and See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—Wisconsin was originally the native See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of most of the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl and animals found in the other North Central states . See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

Deer were found in large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers in all sections of the state, See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear were See also:

• COMMON

common in the central and northern parts, bison were found in the south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, wolves, See also:

• LYNX (Lat. Lynx, Gr. airy, probably connected with X hovewv, to see)

lynx (" wild See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats "), and foxes and other smaller animals particularly of See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur-bearing varieties . The streams abounded in See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish . The abundance of See also:

• GAME

game made the region between the lakes and the Mississippi a favourite See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting ground of the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, and later a productive See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field for the trapper and fur trader . Bear, deer and lynx are still to be found in the less settled See also:

• FOREST

forest regions of the N. parts, and the See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries are still important . The avi-faunal See also:

• LIFE

life of Wisconsin is exceedingly varied; C . B . See also:

• CORY, WILLIAM JOHNSON (1823-1892)

Cory (see BIBLIOGRAPHY) enumerates 398 See also:

• SPECIES

species for Wisconsin and Illinois, and of these probably not less than 350 occur in Wisconsin . The more characteristic and useful birds include many species of the See also:

• SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

sparrow, such as the See also:

• SONG

song, swamp, See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln's chipping and field sparrow; the See also:

• BANK

bank, See also:

• BARN

barn, cliff, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white-bellied and rough-winged See also:

• SWALLOW (A. S. swalewe, Icel. svala, Du. zwaluw, Ger. Schwalbe)

swallow, as well as the See also:

• PURPLE

purple See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

martin and the See also:

• CHIMNEY (through the Fr. cheminee, from caminata, sc. camera, a Lat. derivative of caminus, an oven or furnace)

chimney See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift; ten or more species of See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly-catchers, including the least, arcadian, See also:

• PHOEBE

phoebe, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood pewee, See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive-sided and See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• BIRD

bird; about ten species of wood-peckers, of which the more common are the downy, hairy, yellow-bellied and See also:

• GOLDEN

golden-winged (flicker) ; about See also:

• THIRTY

thirty species of warblers, including the parula, cerulean, Blackburnian, prothonotary, yellow See also:

• NASHVILLE

Nashville, red-start, See also:

• WORM

worm-eating and See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut-sided ; and four or five species of vireos . The song-birds are well represented in the See also:

• HERMIT

hermit See also:

• THRUSH (A. S. Prysce, Icel. priistr, Norw. Trast, O. H. Ger. Drosce, whence the mod. Ger. prossel, to be compared with the analogous English form Throstle,l now almost obsolete, both being apparently diminutives)

thrush, wood thrush, See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson's thrush (or veery), See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown thrasher, See also:

• ROBIN

robin, See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue bird, bobolink, meadow See also:

• LARK (0. Eng. ldwerce, Ger. Lerche, Dan. Laerke, Dutch Leeuwerik)

lark, See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• FINCH
• FINCH (Ger. Fink, Lat. Fringilla)

finch, &c . Among the game birds are the ruffed See also:

• GROUSE

grouse (See also:

• PARTRIDGE (Du. Patrijs, Fr. perdrix, from Lat. perdix, apparently onomatopoeic from the call of the bird)
• PARTRIDGE, JOHN BERNARD (1861– )
• PARTRIDGE, WILLIAM ORDWAY (1861– )

partridge), See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

quail, prairie See also:

• HEN

hen and wild See also:

• TURKEY

turkey .

The birds of See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey include the red-shouldered, red-tailed, broad-winged, See also:

• COOPER
• COOPER (or COUPER), THOMAS (c. 1517-1594)
• COOPER, ABRAHAM (1787—1868)
• COOPER, ALEXANDER (d. i66o)
• COOPER, CHARLES HENRY (18o8-1866)
• COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE (1789-1851)
• COOPER, PETER (1791-1883)
• COOPER, SAMUEL (1609-1672)
• COOPER, SIR ASTLEY PASTON (1768-1841)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1759–1840)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1805–1892)
• COOPER, THOMAS SIDNEY (1803–1902)

Cooper's, See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp-shinned and sparrow See also:

• HAWK (O. Eng. hafoc or heafoc, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch havik, Ger. Habicht; the root is hab-, haf-, to hold, cf. Lat. accipiter, from capere)

hawk and the bald See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle; the great horned, barred, barn, snowy, See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-eared and screech owls . The ducks include the mallard, black See also:

• DUCK

duck, See also:

• CANVAS

canvas-back and red-See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head; the Canadian See also:

• GOOSE (a common Teut. word, O. Eng. gOs, pl. ges, Ger. Gans, O. Norse gas, from Aryan root, ghans, whence Sans. hansa, Lat. anser (for hanser)
• GOOSE (GAME OF)

goose, the snowy goose and the blue goose also appear during the migrating seasons . Originally the greater portion of what is now Wisconsin was covered with forests, although in the S. and W. there were consider-able tracts of See also:

• ROLLING

rolling prairie lands . In the S. portion the predominating trees were See also:

• HICKORY

hickory, See also:

• ELM

elm, See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak and See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar . Along the shore of Lake Michigan, and extending inland a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the distance across the state and northward through the Fox River Valley, there was a heavy See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of oak, See also:

• MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

maple, See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch, ash, hickory, elm and some See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine . From the N. shores of Green Bay there stretched away to the N. and W. an enormous and unbroken forest of pines, hemlocks and spruce . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate of the whole state is influenced by the storms which move eastward along the Canadian border and by those which move northward up the Mississippi Valley, and that of the eastern and northern sections is moderated by the Great Lakes . The winters, especially in the central and north-western sections, are long and severe, and the summers in the central and south-western sections are very warm; but the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air is so dry that See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat are less See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt here than they are in some humid climates with less extreme temperatures . The mean annual temperature for the state is 44° F . July, with an average temperature for the state of 7o°, is the warmest See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month, and February, with an average of 15° is the coldest . Within a period of thirty-eight years, from 1870 to 1908, extremes at Milwaukee ranged from too° to – 250, while at injured too, and destroyed considerable See also:

• PROPERTY

property . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

Hay and See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain are the most important crops .

In 1909 the acreage of hay was 2,369,000 and the value of the See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop $34,800,000 . In the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of the See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy cereals, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

• RYE

rye and See also:

• BUCKWHEAT

buckwheat, Wisconsin ranks high among the states of the Union; but oats and See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn are the largest cereal crops in the state . The crop of oats was 79,800,000 bushels (raised on 2,280,000 acres and valued at $31,122,000) in 1909; of Indian corn, 50,589,000 bushels (raised on 1,533,000 acres and valued at $30,353,000); of barley, 24,248,000 bushels (raised on 866,000 acres and valued at $13,579,000 —a crop exceeded only by that of See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California and that of Minnesota) ; of See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, 3,484,000 bushels (raised on 179,000 acres and valued at $3,345,000) ;of rye,4,727,000bushels (raised on29o,000acresandvalued at $3,214,000—a crop exceeded only by that of See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania and that of Michigan) ; and of buckwheat,221,000 bushels (grown on 18,000 acres and valued at $172,000) . The See also:

• POTATO
• POTATO (Solanum tuberosum)

potato crop is large, 26,724,000 bushels being raised in 1909 on 262,000 acres, a crop exceeded only in New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, Michigan and See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine . See also:

• TOBACCO

Tobacco also is a valuable crop: in 1909 37,170,000 Ib, valued at $3,419,640, were grown on 31,500 acres . In 1909 14,000 acres of See also:

• SUGAR

sugar See also:

• BEETS, NIKOLAAS (1814-1903)

beets were harvested and 34,340,000 lb of sugar were manufactured in the four See also:

• BEET

beet sugar factories in the state . In the south-central part of the state there are valuable See also:

• CRANBERRY

cranberry marshes . See also:

• ORCHARD (O. Eng. ort-geard, later orceard; a combination apparently of Lat. hortus, garden, and " yard " or " Barth ")

Orchard fruits, especially apples, are of increasing importance . The raising of live-stock, particularly of See also:

• DAIRY

dairy cows, is an important See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . In 1910, out of a total of 2,587,000 neat See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, there were 1,506,000 milch cows . The total number of horses in the state was 669,000 in 1910, when they were valued at $80,949,000 . There were 1,034,000 See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, and 1,651,000 See also:

• SWINE

swine .

Manufactures.—The growth of manufacturing has been rapid : in 1850 the value of the manufactures was $9,293,068; in 1860, $27,849,467; in 1870, $77,214,326; in 188o, $128,255,480; in 1890, $248,546,164; and in 1900, $360,818,942 . The product under the factory See also:

• SYSTEM

system, excluding See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand trades and neighbourhood See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, was $326,752,878 in 1900 and $411,139,681 in 1905 . The most important of the state's manufactures in 1900 and in 1905 were See also:

• LUMBER

lumber and See also:

• TIMBER

timber products, valued in the latter See also:

• YEAR

year at $44,395,766 (Wisconsin being second in See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank to the state of Washington) . About 6o% (both in quantity and value) of the lumber sawed in 1905 was white pine; next in importance were See also:

• HEMLOCK (in O. Eng. hemlic or hymlice; no cognate is found in any other language, and the origin is unknown)

hemlock (more than one-See also:

• FOURTH

fourth in quantity), basswood (nearly 4%) and, in smaller quantities, birch, oak, elm, maple, ash, tamarack, See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway pine, See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar and spruce . The value of the product of planing See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills was $11,210,205 in 1905; and other important manufactures bared on raw materials from forests were See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper and wood pulp ($17,844,174) and See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture (11,569,591) . Second in value in 1905 were See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese, See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter and condensed See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk ($29,994,791), in the product of which Wisconsin ranked second to New York in 1900 and 1905 . In 1905 Wisconsin ranked first of all the states in the value of butter, second in the value of cheese and fifth in the value of condensed milk; the dairy product of Wisconsin in this year was 17.8 % (by value) of that of the entire See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Foundry and See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine-See also:

• SHOP

shop products ranked third in value in 1905, when they were valued at $29,908,001, and when See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel manufactures were valued at $10,453750 . Among the other important manufactures in 1905 were: See also:

• MALT (O. Eng., mealt; O. Sax., malt; O. Tent., maltos; Mod. Ger., Malz; Scand., malt; probably derived from the Sanskrit mrdu, soft, thus having reference to the fact that malt is raw grain rendered soft or tender)

malt liquors ($28,692,340) and malt ($8,740,103, being 113.7 % more than in 1900); See also:

• FLOUR

flour and grist-See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill products ($28,352,237; about 6o% was wheat flour) ; See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather ($25,845,I23); wholesale slaughtering and See also:

• MEAT

meat-packing ($16,060,423); agricultural implements (0,076,760); carriages and wagons ($7,51I,392); men's clothing ($6,525,276) ; boots and shoes ($6,513,563) ; See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam railway cars, constructed and repaired ($6,511,731); See also:

• HOSIERY

hosiery and knit goods ($4,94I,744); cigars ($4,372,139) ; mattresses and See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring beds ($3,527,587) ; and See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies ($3,194,132) . In 1905, out of a total factory product of $411,139,681, $259,420,044 was the value of goods made in factories rn the twenty-two municipalities of the state, with a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population (1900) of at least 8000; but only 36.3 % of the total number of factories were in See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban districts . More than one-third of the value of factory products was that of the manufactures of Milwaukee ($138,881,545) . Racine ranked second with a factory product valued at $16,458,965 .

The manufacture of furniture in Wisconsin is centralized especially in Sheboygan, where in 1905 was manufactured about one-third of the furniture made in the state . Mines and Quarries.—The See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead mines of south-western Wisconsin played an important part in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early development of the state (see § History) . When the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main deposits had been worked down to the water level, See also:

• MINING

mining(upto that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time principally of lead) stopped and did not start again until about 1900, when the high See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of See also:

• ZINC

zinc stimulated renewed working of these deposits . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal ores are See also:

• GALENA

galena, sphalerite or zinc See also:

• BLENDE, or SPHALERITE

blende and smithsonite or zinc carbonate, which is locally called " dry See also:

• HONE (in O. Eng. han, cognate with Swed. hen ; the root appears in Skt. gdna, co to sharpen)
• HONE, NATHANIEL (1718-1784)
• HONE, WILLIAM (1780-1842)

hone " and which was the first zinc ore See also:

• MINED

mined in the state . In 1908 the lead product was valued at $347.592 and the zinc product at $1,711,364, Wisconsin ranking fourth among the zinc-mining states . The production of iron ore in the Gogebic and Menominee ranges on the upper Michigan border is important . Red See also:

• HAEMATITE, or HEMATITE

haematite was mined in See also:

• DODGE, THEODORE AYRAULT (1842–1909)

Dodge county before 1854; in 1877 the deposits in See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence county were first worked, and in 1882 276,017 tons were shipped from that county; and about 1884 began the See also:

• DEW

dew elopment of the Gogebic deposits in Iron and See also:

• ASHLAND

Ashland counties . The maximum output was in 189o, being 948,965 long tons; in 1902 it was 783,996 long tons (79% from Iron county) ; and in 1908 . 733,993 tons . The output is almost entirely haematite . There are large deposits of stratified See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay along the shores of Lake Michigan, from which is made a cream-coloured See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick, so largely used in Milwaukee that that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city has been called the " cream city "; the total value of clay products in 1907 was $1,127,819 and in 1908 $958,395 . By far the most valuable See also:

• MINERAL

mineral output is See also:

• BUILDING

building See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, which was valued in 1908 at $2,850,920, including See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite ($1,529,781), See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone ($1,102,009) and See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone ($219,130) .

In 1907 and 1908 the state ranked fifth among the states of the country in the value of granite quarried; in 1902 it ranked fifteenth . The industry began in 188o, when the first See also:

• QUARRY

quarry (at Granite Heights, See also:

• MARATHON

Marathon county) was opened . The principal quarries are in Dodge, Green Lake (a blackish granite is quarried at Utley and a pinkish See also:

• RHYOLITE (Gr. peiv, to flow, because of the frequency with which they exhibit fluxion structures)

rhyolite at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin), Marathon, See also:

• MARINETTE

Marinette, See also:

• MARQUETTE
• MARQUETTE, JACQUES (1637–1675)

Marquette, Sauk, \Vaupaca and Waushara counties . Wisconsin granite is especially suitable for monumental See also:

• WORK

work . Limestone is found in a broad belt in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, south and west; more than 40% of the total output in 1908, which was valued at $1,102,009, was used for road-making and more than one-See also:

• SIXTH

sixth in the manufacture of See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete . In 1907 and 1908 Wisconsin ranked seventh among the states in the value of limestone quarried . The first limestone quarries were opened at Genesee, Waukesha county, in 1848; at Wauwatosa, near Milwaukee, in 1855; and near See also:

• BRIDGEPORT

Bridgeport in 1856 . See also:

• FRESHWATER

Freshwater pearls are found in many of the streams; and in 1907 and 1908 Wisconsin ranked first among the states in the value of mineral See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters sold, with a value of $1,526,703 in 1907 and $1,413,107 in 1908, although in both years the quantity sold in Wisconsin was less than in Minnesota or in New York . The most famous of these springs are in Waukesha county, whence White Rock, See also:

• BETHESDA
• BETHESDA (i.e. " House of Mercy," John v. 2)

Bethesda, Clysmic and other waters are shipped . Forests.—In 1890 and in 1900 (when the wooded area was estimated at 31,750 sq. m., or 58% of the total area of the state) Wisconsin was the foremost state in the Union in the production of lumber and timber . In 1905 the value of the lumber and timber product was exceeded by that of Washington; but as See also:

• LATE

late as 1908 Wisconsin was the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief source of the white pine See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply . Next to white pine (used largely in See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding) in value in 1908 were red or Norway pine (used in See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house building), hemlock (used for lumber and wood pulp) and white spruce, a very valuable lumber See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree .

In 1908 the area of the state forest reserve lands under a state See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of forestry (chiefly in See also:

• ONEIDA
• ONEIDA (a corruption of their proper name Oneyotka-ono, " people of the stone," in allusion to the Oneida stone, a granite boulder near their former village, which was held sacred by them)

Oneida, Forest, Iron, Price and See also:

• VILAS, WILLIAM FREEMAN (1840-19o8)

Vilas counties) was 253.573 acres . Forest fires have been numerous and exceedingly destructive in Wisconsin; the loss of timber and other property from this cause in.1908 was about $9,000,000 . Fisheries.—The fisheries of Wisconsin are of considerable importance; the catch in 1908 was valued at $1,067,170, lake See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout and See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring being the most valuable . There is a state board of commissioners of fisheries (see below, § See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government), which distributed in 1908 149,338.069 eggs, See also:

• FRY
• FRY, ELIZABETH (178o-1845)
• FRY, SIR EDWARD (1827– )

fry and fingerlings, including 112,075,000 See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall-eyed See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

pike and about 12,000,000 each of lake trout and See also:

• WHITEFISH

whitefish . There are state hatcheries at Madison (for See also:

• BROOK

brook and See also:

• RAINBOW

rainbow trout), Bayfield (brook, rainbow and lake trout and whitefish), Oshkosh (lake trout, whitefish and wall-eyed pike), Minocqua (pike, See also:

• BASS
• BASS (the same word as " base," and so pronounced, but influenced in spelling by the Ital. basso)

bass and muskallonge), Delafield (black bass and wall-eyed pike) and Wild See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

Rose (brook trout) . Transportation and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce.—Railway building in Wisconsin began in 1851, when a track was laid from Milwaukee to Waukesha (20 m.), which was extended westward in 1854 to Madison and in 1857 to the Mississippi at Prairie du Chien . This line was the fore-runner of the great See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago, Milwaukee & St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul system, which now crosses the southern See also:

• HALF

half of the state with two See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk lines and with one line See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels the shore of Lake Michigan . The Chicago & North-Western and the Chicago, St Paul, Minneapolis & See also:

• OMAHA

Omaha, which it controls, are together known as " The North-Western Line." The tracks of the Chicago & North-Western (built to See also:

• JANESVILLE

Janesville in 1855 and to Fond du Lac in 1858) form a network in the eastern part of the state, affording See also:

• DIRECT

direct connexions with Chicago . The Chicago, St Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha extends into the western part of the state, where it connects with the trans-Mississippi linesof the Chicago & North-Western . The Chicago, See also:

• BURLINGTON

Burlington & See also:

• QUINCY
• QUINCY, JOSIAH (1744–1775)

Quincy (owned by the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways) traverses the state along its western boundary and gives it See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to a third great railway system with transcontinental service . The Minneapolis, St Paul & Sault Ste . See also:

• MARIE

Marie, in which has been absorbed the old Wisconsin Central, crosses the state and extends into the Canadian North-West, sharing in the heavy grain See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic of that section, and, like the See also:

• DULUTH

Duluth, South Shore & See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic, which runs along the Lake Superior shore, is a