See also:

• WITOWT, or WITOLD (1350-1430)

WITOWT, or WITOLD (1350-1430)  , See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Lithuania, son of Kiejstut, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Samogitia, first appears prominently in 1382, when the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order set him up as a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the See also:

• THRONE

throne of Lithuania in opposition to his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Jagiello (see See also:

• WLADISLAUS (WLADISLAW)

WLADISLAUS), who had treacherously murdered See also:

• WITOWT, or WITOLD (1350-1430)

Witowt's See also:

• FATHER

father and seized his estates . Witowt, however, convinced him-self that the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German knights were far more dangerous than his Lithuanian See also:

• RIVAL

rival; he accepted pacific overtures from Jagiello and became his ally . When Jagiello ascended the throne of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland as Wladislaus II. in 1386, Witowt was at first content with the principality of See also:

• GRODNO

Grodno; but See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of Skirgiello, one of Jagiello's See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, to whom Jagiello committed the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Lithuania, induced Witowt to ally himself once more with the Teutonic Order (treaty of See also:

• KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)

Konigsberg, 24th of May 1390) . He strengthened his position by giving his daughter See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia in See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage to Vasily, grand-duke of Muscovy; but he never See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt secure beneath the wing of the Teutonic Order, and when Jagiello removed Skirgiello from the government of Lithuania and offered it to Witowt, the compact of Ostrow (5th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1392) settled all See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences between them . Nevertheless, subsequent attempts on the See also:

• PART

part of Poland to subordinate Lithuania drove Witowt for the third See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time into the arms of the Order, and by the treaty of Salin in 1398, Witowt, who now styled himself Supremus See also:

• DUX (Czech Duchcov)

Dux Lithuaniae, even went so far as to cede his ancestral See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Samogitia to the knights, and to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with them for the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest and See also:

• PARTITION

partition of See also:

• PSKOV

Pskov and See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• NOVGOROD
• NOVGOROD (formerly known as V elikiy-Novgorod, Great Novgorod)

Novgorod . His ambition and self-confidence at this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period knew no See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds . He nourished the grandiose See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving out the hordes of Tamerlane, freeing all See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia from the Tatar yoke, and proclaiming himself See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . This See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream of See also:

• EMPIRE

empire was dissipated by his terrible defeat on the See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• DNIEPER

Dnieper by the See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars on the 12th of August 1399 . He was now convinced that the true policy of Lithuania was the closest possible alliance with Poland . A See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union between the two countries was effected at See also:

• VILNA, or WILN0
• VILNA, or WILNO

Vilna on the 18th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1401, and was confirmed and extended by subsequent See also:

• TREATIES

treaties . Witowt was to reign over Lithuania as an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent grand-duke, but the two states were to be indissolubly See also:

• UNITED

united by a See also:

• COMMON

common policy . The result was a whole See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• WARS

wars with the Teutonic Order, which now acknowledged Swidrygiello, another See also:

• BROTHER

brother of Jagiello, as grand-duke of Lithuania; and though Swidrygiello was defeated and driven out by Witowt, the Order retained See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Samogitia, and their barbarous methods of " converting " the wretched inhabitants finally induced Witowt to See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-countrymen at any cost from the See also:

• TENDER

tender mercies of the knights .

In the beginning of 1409 he concluded a treaty with Jagiello at Novogrudok for the purpose, and on the 9th cf See also:

• JULY

July 1410 the combined See also:

• POLISH

Polish-Lithuanian forces, reinforced by Hussite auxiliaries, crossed the Prussian border . The rival forces encountered at Grunwald, or Tannenberg, and there on the 14th or 15th July 14ro was fought one of the decisive battles of the See also:

• WORLD

world, for the Teutonic Knights suffered a crushing See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow from which they never recovered . After this See also:

• BATTLE

battle Poland-Lithuania began to be regarded in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west as a great See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, and Witowt stood in high favour with the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CURIA

curia . In 1429, instigated by the emperor See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund, whom he magnificently entertained at his See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court at See also:

• LUTSK (Polish, Luck)

Lutsk, Witowt revived his claim to a kingly See also:

• CROWN

crown, and Jagiello reluctantly consented to his cousin's See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation; but before it could be accomplished Witowt died at Troki, on the 27th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1430 . He was certainly the most imposing See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in eastern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and his See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial valour was combined with statesmanlike foresight . See Jozef Ignacz See also:

• KRASZEWSKI, JOSEPH IGNATIUS (1812—1887)

Kraszewski, Lithuania under Witowt . (Pol.) (Wilna, 1850) ; Augustin Theiner, Vetera Monumenta Poloniae (See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, 186o–1864) ; Karol Szajnocha, Jadwiga and Jagiello (Pol.) (See also:

• LEMBERG (Pol. Lwdw, Lat. Leopolis)

Lemberg, 1850–1856) ; Teodor Narbutt, See also:

• HISTORY

History of the Lithuanian Nation (Pol.) (Wilna, 1835—1836) ; Codex epistolaris Witoldi Magni (ed . Prochaska, See also:

• CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow, 1882) . (R . N .