WITTELSBACH  , the name of an important See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• FAMILY

family, taken from the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Wittelsbach, which formerly stood near Aichach on the Paar in See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria . In 1124, See also:

• OTTO

Otto V., See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Scheyern (I 1155), removed the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of his family to Wittelsbach, and called himself by this name . Otto was descended from Luitpold, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Bavaria and See also:

• MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf)

margrave of See also:

• CARINTHIA (Ger. Kdrnten)

Carinthia, who was killed in 907 fighting the Hungarians . His son, See also:

• ARNULF (c. 850-899)

Arnulf I., called the See also:

• BAD, BCD

Bad, drove back the Hungarians, and was elected duke of Bavaria in 913 . Arnulf, who was a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the German See also:

• CROWN

crown in See also:

• GIG

gig, claimed to be See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent, and openly defied the German See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad I . In 921, however, he recognized the authority of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I. the See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler, in return for the right to dispense See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, to See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin See also:

• MONEY

money and to appoint the bishops in Bavaria . He died at See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg in 937, and his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder son, See also:

• EBERHARD
• EBERHARD, CHRISTIAN AUGUST GOTTLOB (1769-1845)
• EBERHARD, JOHANN AUGUSTUS (1739-1809)

Eberhard, fought in vain to retain the duchy . In 938 it was given by the German king, Otto I., the See also:

• GREAT

Great, to Arnulf's See also:

• BROTHER

brother, See also:

• BERTOLD (1442–1504)

Bertold I., with greatly reduced privileges . Arnulf's younger son, Arnulf II., continued the struggle against Otto I., and some-See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time before his See also:

• DEATH

death in 954 was made count See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine in Bavaria . This See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office did not become hereditary, however, and his descend-ants See also:

• BORE

bore simply the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Scheyern until about 1116, when the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Henry V. recognized Count Otto V. as count palatine in Bavaria . His son, Count Otto VI., who succeeded his See also:

• FATHER

father in 1155, accompanied the German king, See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I., to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy in 1154, where he distinguished himself by his courage, and later rendered valuable assistance to Frederick in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . When Henry the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion, duke of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony and Bavaria, was placed under the imperial See also:

• BAN

ban in 118o, Otto's services were rewarded by the See also:

• INVESTITURE (Late Lat. investitura)

investiture of the dukedom of Bavaria at See also:

• ALTENBURG

Altenburg .

Since the time of Otto I . Bavaria has been ruled by the Wittelsbachs . Otto died at Pfullendorf in 1183, and was succeeded in the duchy by his son, See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis I . (1174—1231), but the dignity of count palatine in Bavaria passed to his brother Otto, whose son Otto, succeeding in 1189, murdered the German king See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip at See also:

• BAMBERG

Bamberg on the 21st of See also:

• JUNE

June 1208 . He was placed under the ban by the emperor Otto IV., and was killed at Oberndorf, near Regensburg, by Henry of Kalden, See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1209 . His lands passed to his son Louis, then only nine years old, who began his See also:

• RULE

rule in 1192 . In 1208 he destroyed the ancestral castle of Wittelsbach, the site of which is now marked by a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and an See also:

• OBELISK (Gr. b/3EXivrcos, diminutive of OEMs, a spit)

obelisk . At first Louis supported Otto IV. in his struggle with Frederick of See also:

• HOHENSTAUFEN

Hohenstaufen (the emperor Frederick II.), but deserted his cause when Frederick invested his son, Otto, with the See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

Palatinate of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine in 1214 . Louis appears to have been previously promised this See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession, and to strengthen his claim married his son, Otto, to See also:

• AGNES, SAINT

Agnes, the See also:

• SISTER

sister of Henry, the count palatine, who died without heirs in 1214 . Louis accompanied the Crusaders to See also:

• DAMIETTA

Damietta in 1221, and governed Germany as See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent from 1225 until 1228, when he deserted Frederick II. at the instigation of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory IX . He was murdered at the See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge of Kelheim on the 15th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1231, and the emperor was generally suspected of complicity in the See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed . Louis' son, Otto the Illustrious (1206—1253), undertook the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the Palatinate in 1228, and became duke of Bavaria in 1231 .

He was attached to the Hohenstaufen by the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of his daughter, See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, with Conrad, son of Frederick II. in 1246 . He supported Frederick in his struggle with the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, Henry See also:

• RASPE, RUDOLF(MOW, (737-1794)

Raspe, See also:

• LANDGRAVE (Ger. Landgraf, from Land, " a country" and Graf, "count" )

landgrave of Thuringia, and See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William II., count of See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, and was put under the papal ban by Pope See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent IV., Bavaria being laid under an See also:

• INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, from interdicere, to forbid by decree, lit., interpose by speech)

interdict . When King Conrad IV. went to Italy in 1251, Otto remained as his representative in Germany, until his death on the 29th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1253 . He See also:

• LEFT

left two sons, Louis and Henry, who reigned jointly until 1255, when a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the lands was made, by which Louis II . (1228—1294) received upper Bavaria and the Palatinate of the Rhine, and Henry I . (d . 1290) See also:

• LOWER

lower Bavaria . Louis, who soon became the most powerful See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Germany, was called " the Stern," because in a See also:

• FIT

fit of See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy he caused his first wife, Maria of See also:

• BRABANT
• BRABANT, NORTH

Brabant, to be executed in 1256 . He was the See also:

• UNCLE

uncle and See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian of See also:

• CONRADIN, or CONRAD THE YOUNGER (1252–1268)

Conradin of Hohenstaufen, whom he assisted to make his See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to Italy in 1267, and accompanied as far as See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona . When Conradin was executed in 1268 Louis inherited his lands in Germany, sharing them with his brother Henry . In 1273 he was a candidate for the German crown, but was induced to support See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph, count of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg, whose eldest daughter, See also:

• MATILDA (1046-1115)
• MATILDA (1102-1164)

Matilda, he married in this See also:

• YEAR

year . He was a great source of strength to the Habsburgs until his death in 1294 .

Lower Bavaria was ruled by the descendants of Henry I. until the death of his great-See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John I., in 1340, when it was again See also:

• UNITED

united with upper Bavaria . The sons of Louis, Rudolph I . (d . 1319) and Louis, who became German king as Louis IV. in 1314, ruled their lands in See also:

• COMMON

common, but after some trouble between them Rudolph abdicated in 1317 . In 1329 the most important division of the Wittelsbach lands took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . By the treaty of See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia in this year, Louis granted the Palatinate of the Rhine and the upper Palatinate of Bavaria to his brother's sons, Rudolph II . (d . 1353) and See also:

• RUPERT (1352—1410)
• RUPERT (HRODBERT), ST
• RUPERT, PRINCE, COUNT PALATINE OF THE RHINE AND DUKE OF BAVARIA (1619—1682)

Rupert I . Rupert, who from 1353 to 1390 was See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole ruler, gained the electoral dignity for the Palatinate of the Rhine in 1356 by a See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of some lands in upper Bavaria to the emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IV . It had been exercised from the division of 1329 by both branches in turn . The descendants of Louis IV. retained the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Bavaria, but made several divisions of their territory, the most important of which was in 1392, when the branches of Ingoldstadt, See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich and See also:

• LANDSHUT

Landshut were founded . These were reunited under See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert IV., duke of Bavaria-Munich (1447—1508) and the upper Palatinate was added to them in 1628 .

Albert's descendants ruled over a united Bavaria, until the death of Duke See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian III. in 1777, when it passed to the Elector Palatine, Charles See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore . The Palatinate of the Rhine, after the death of Rupert I. in 1390, passed to his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew, Rupert II., and in 1398 to his son, Rupert III., who was German king from 1400 to 1410 . On his death it was divided into four branches . Three of these had died out by 1559, and their possessions were inherited by the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth or Simmern See also:

• LINE

line, among whom the Palatinate was again divided (see PALATINATE) . In 1742, after the extinction of the two See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior lines of this family, the Sulzbach See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch became the senior line, and its See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, the elector Charles Theodore, inherited Bavaria in 1777 . He died in 1799, and Maximilian See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph, the head of the See also:

• ZWEIBRUCKEN

Zweibrucken branch, inherited Bavaria and the Palatinate . He took the title of king as Maximilian I . In 1623, when the elector Frederick V . (the " See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

Winter King ") was driven from his dominions, the electoral See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege was transferred to Bavaria, and in 1648, by the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia, an eighth electorate was created for the Wittelsbachs of the Palatinate, and was exercised by the senior branch of the family . The Wittelsbachs gave three kings to Germany, Louis IV., Rupert and Charles VII . Members of the family were also margra.ves of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg from 1323 to 1373, and kings of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden from 1654 to 1718 . See J .

Dellinger, Das Haus Wittelsbach and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Bedeutung in der deutschen Geschichte (Munich, 188o) ; J . F . See also:

• BOHMER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1795–1863)

Bohmer, Wittelsbachische Regesten bis 1340 (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1854) ; F . M . Wittmann, Monumenta Wittelsbacensia (Urkundenbuch, Munich, 1857–1861); K . T . See also:

• HEIGEL, KARL AUGUST VON (1835-1905)

Heigel, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Wittelsbacher (Munich, 188o) ; F . Leitschuh, Die Wittelsbacher in Bayern (Bamberg, 1894) .