See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT SERGE JULIEVICH See also:

• COUNT SERGE JULIEVICH WITTE (1849— )

WITTE (1849— )  , See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• TIFLIS

Tiflis, where his See also:

• FATHER

father (of Dutch extraction) was a member of the Viceregal See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus . His See also:

• MOTHER

mother was a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of the Fadeyev See also:

• FAMILY

family, by whom he was brought up as a member of the Eastern Orthodox See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church and thoroughly imbued with nationalist feeling in the Russian sense of the See also:

• TERM

term . After completing his studies at See also:

• ODESSA

Odessa University, in the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, and devoting some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to journalism in See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close relations with the Slavophils and M . See also:

• KATKOV, MICHAEL NIKIFOROVICH (ISI8-1887)

Katkov, he entered in 1877 the service of the Odessa See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State railway, and so distinguished himself in the trans-See also:

• PORT

port operations necessitated by the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1877—1878, that he was soon afterwards appointed See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic manager of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South-Western railway of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia and member of an Imperial See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission which had to study the whole question of railway construction and management throughout the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . His speciality was an intimate acquaintance with the problem of railway rates in connexion with the general economic development of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and in 1884 he published a See also:

• WORK

work on the subject which attracted some See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention in the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• WORLD

world . Among those who had discovered his exceptional ability in matters of that See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind was M . Vishnegradski, See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• FINANCE

finance, who appointed him See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the railway See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department in the finance See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry . In 1892 he was promoted to be minister of ways of communication, and in the following See also:

• YEAR

year, on the retirement of Vishnegradski, he succeeded him as minister of finance . In this important See also:

• POST

post he displayed extraordinary activity . He was an ardent See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple of See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

List and sought to develop See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries by means of moderate See also:

• PROTECTION

protection and the introduction of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital for See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial purposes . At the same time he succeeded by drastic See also:

• MEASURES

measures in putting a stop to the See also:

• GREAT

great fluctuations in the value of the See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper currency and in resuming specie payments . The rapid See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the railway See also:

• SYSTEM

system was also largely due to his See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial ingenuity, and he embarked on a crusade against the evils of See also:

• DRUNKENNESS

drunkenness by organizing a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly for the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol .

In the region of foreign policy he greatly contributed to the extension of Russian See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• CHINA

China and See also:

• PERSIA

Persia . Naturally of a combative temperament, and endowed with a persevering tenacity rare among his country-men, he struggled for what he considered the liberation of his country from the economic bondage of foreign nations . See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany was, in his See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, the See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour whose aggressive tendencies had to be specially resisted . He was therefore not at all persona grata in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, but the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German imperial authorities learned by experience that he was an opponent to be respected, who under-stood thoroughly the interests of his country, and was quite capable of adopting if necessary a vigorous policy of See also:

• REPRISALS (Fr. represailles, from reprendre; Lat. reprehendere, to take back)

reprisals . During his ten years' See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of the finance ministry he nearly doubled the revenues of the empire, but at the same time he made for himself, by his policy and his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal characteristics, a See also:

• HOST

host of enemies . He was transferred, therefore, in 1903 from the influential post of finance minister to the ornamental position of See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of ministers . The See also:

• OBJECT

object was to deprive him of any real See also:

• POLITICAL

political influence, but circumstances brought about a different result . The disasters of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, and the rising See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide of revolutionary agitation, compelled the government to think of appeasing popular discontent by granting administrative reforms, and the reform projects were revised and amended by the See also:

• BODY

body over which M . See also:

• WITTE, SERGE JULIEVICH, COUNT (1849— )

Witte presided . Naturally the influence of a strong See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man made itself See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt, and the president became virtually See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime minister; but, before he had advanced far in this legislative work, he was suddenly trans-formed into a diplomatist and sent to See also:

• PORTSMOUTH
• PORTSMOUTH, EARLS OF
• PORTSMOUTH, LOUISE DE

Portsmouth, N . H., U.S.A., in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1905, to negotiate terms of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with the See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese delegates . In these negotiations he showed great energy and decision, and contributed largely to bringing about the peace .

On his return to St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg he had to See also:

• DEAL

deal, as president of the first ministry See also:

• TINDER (O. Eng. tyndre, from tindan, tendan, to kindle, cf. Dan. tonder, Ger. anzunden)

tinder the new constitutional regime, with a very difficult political situation (see RUSSIA: See also:

• HISTORY

History); he was no longer able to obtain support, and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 19(36 he retired into private See also:

• LIFE

life .