See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH See also:

• FRIEDRICH WOHLER (1800-1882)

WOHLER (1800-1882)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German chemist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Eschersheim, near See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort-on-the-See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main, on the 31st of See also:

• JULY

July 1800 . In 1814 he began to attend the gymnasium at Frankfort, where he carried out experiments with his friend Dr J . J . C . See also:

• BUCH
• BUCH, CHRISTIAN LEOPOLD VON, BARON (1774-1853)

Buch . In 182o he entered See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg University, and next See also:

• YEAR

year removed to See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, where he worked in See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold See also:

• GMELIN

Gmelin's laboratory . Intending to practise as a physician, he took his degree in See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and See also:

• SURGERY
• SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

surgery (1823), but was persuaded by Gmelin to devote himself to See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry . He studied in See also:

• BERZELIUS, JONS JAKOB (1779-1848)

Berzelius's laboratory at See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm, and there began a lifelong friendship with the See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish chemist . On his return he had proposed to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle as a Privatdozent at Heidelberg, but accepted the See also:

• POST

post of teacher of chemistry in the newly established technical school (Gewerbeschule) in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin (1825), where he remained till 1831 . Private affairs then called him to See also:

• CASSEL
• CASSEL, or KASSEL

Cassel, where he soon became See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor at the higher technical school . In 1836 he was appointed to the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of chemistry in the medical See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty at See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, holding also the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of inspector-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of pharmacies in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover . This professorship he held until his See also:

• DEATH

death on the 23rd of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1882 .

See also:

• WOHLER, FRIEDRICH (1800-1882)

Wohler had made the acquaintance of See also:

• LIEBIG, JUSTUS VON, BARON (1803-1873)

Liebig, his junior by three years, in 1825, and the two men remained See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies for the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of their lives . Together they carried out a number of See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint researches . One of the earliest, if not the earliest, was the investigation, published in 183o, which proved the polymerism of cyanic and cyanuric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, but the most famous were those on the oil of See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter almonds (See also:

• BENZALDEHYDE (oil of bitter almonds), C6H5CHO

benzaldehyde) and the radicle benzoyl (1832), and on uric acid (1837), which are of fundamental importance in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of organic chemistry . But it was the achievement of Wohler alone, in 1828, to break down the barrier held to exist between organic and inorganic chemistry by artificially preparing See also:

• UREA, or CARBAMIDE, CO(NH2)2

urea, one of those substances which up to that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it had been thought could only be produced through the agency of " vital force." Most of his See also:

• WORK

work, however, See also:

• LAY

lay in the domain of inorganic chemistry . The See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation of the elementary bodies and the investigation of their properties was one of his favourite pursuits . In 1827 he obtained metallic See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium as a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder, and in 1845 improved methods enabled him to get it in fully metallic globules . Nine years after-wards H . P . Sainte-Claire Deville, ignorant of what he had done, adopted the same methods in his efforts to prepare the See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal on an See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale; the result of WOhler's claim of priority was that the two became See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good friends and joined in a See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, published in 1856–1857, which yielded " adamantine See also:

• BORON (symbol B, atomic weight I I)

boron." By the same method as had succeeded with aluminium (reduction of the chloride by See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium) Wohler in 1828 obtained metallic See also:

• BERYLLIUM

beryllium and See also:

• YTTRIUM [symbol, Y; atomic weight, 89.0 (0 =16)]

yttrium . Later, in 1849, See also:

• TITANIUM [symbol Ti, atomic weight 48.1 (0 = 16)]

titanium engaged his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, and, proving that what had up to that time passed as the metal was really a cyanonitride, he showed how the true metal was to be obtained . He also worked at the nitrides, and in 1857 with H . See also:

• BUFF (from Fr. bu.ffie, a buffalo)

Buff carried out an inquiry on the compounds of See also:

• SILICON [symbol Si, atomic weight 28.3 (0= 16)]

silicon in which they prepared the previously unknown See also:

• GAS

gas, silicon hydride or silicuretted See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen .

A problem to which he returned repeatedly was that of separating See also:

• NICKEL
• NICKEL (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.68 (0=16))

nickel and See also:

• COBALT (symbol Co, atomic weight 59)

cobalt from their ores and freeing them from See also:

• ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

arsenic; and in the course of his See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long laboratory practice he worked out numerous processes for the preparation of pure chemicals and methods of exact See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis . The Royal Society's See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue enumerates 276 See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs written by him, apart from 43 in which he collaborated with others . In 1831 he published Grundriss der anorganischen Chemie, and in 184o Grundriss der organischen Chemie, both of which went through many See also:

• EDITIONS

editions . Still more valuable for teaching purposes was his Mineralanalyse in Beispielen (1861), which first appeared in 1853 as Praktische Ubungen in der chemischen Analyse . Chemists also had to thank him for translating three editions of the Lehrbuch of Berzelius and all the successive volumes of the Jahresbericht into German from the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Swedish . He assisted Liebig and See also:

• POGGENDORFF, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1796-1877)

Poggendorff in the Handworterbuch der reinen and angewandten Chemie, and was joint-editor with Liebig of the Annalen der Chemie and Pharmacie . A memoir by See also:

• HOFMANN, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1818-1892)
• HOFMANN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN KONRAD VON (1810—1877)
• HOFMANN, MELCHIOR (c. 1498—1543-4)

Hofmann appeared in the Ber. dent. chem . Gesellsch . (1882), reprinted in Zur Erinnerung an vorangegangene Freunde (1888) .