See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

AUGUST See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• FRIEDRICH AUGUST WOLF (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

WOLF (1759-1824)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

philo- logist and critic, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 15th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1759 at Hainrode, a little See also:

• VILLAGE

village not far from See also:

• NORDHAUSEN

Nordhausen, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover . His See also:

• FATHER

father was the village schoolmaster and organist . In See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the See also:

• FAMILY

family removed to Nordhausen, and there See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf went to the See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school, where he soon acquired all the Latin and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek that the masters could See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach him, besides learning See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and See also:

• MUSIC

music . The precocity of his attainments was only equalled by the force of will and confidence in his own See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers which characterized him throughout See also:

• LIFE

life . After two years of solitary study; at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eighteen, Wolf went (1777) to the university of See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen . His first See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act there was a prophecy—one of those prophecies which See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring from the conscious See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to bring about their fulfilment . He had to choose his " See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty," and See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose one which then existed only in his own mind, the faculty of " See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology." What is even more remarkable, the See also:

• OMEN (a Latin word, either connected with os, mouth, or more probably with auris (Gr. ois, ear; apparently, meaning " a thing heard " or " spoken ")

omen was accepted . He carried his point, and was enrolled as he desired . C . G . See also:

• HEYNE, CHRISTIAN GOTTLOB (1729–1812)

Heyne was then the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament of Gottingen, and Wolf and he were not on See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good terms . Heyne excluded him from his lectures, and brusquely condemned Wolf's views on See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer .

Wolf, however, pursued his studies in the university library, from which he borrowed with his old avidity . During 1779–1783 Wolf was a schoolmaster, first at See also:

• ILFELD

Ilfeld, then at See also:

• OSTERODE

Osterode . His success as a teacher was striking, and he found time to publish an edition of the See also:

• SYMPOSIUM (Gr. avyr6cnov, a drinking party, from avµirivecv, to drink together, abv, with, and 7rivecv, to drink, root 7ro, cf. Lat. potare, to drink, poculum, cup)

Symposium of See also:

• PLATO

Plato, which excited See also:

• NOTICE

notice, and led to his promotion (1783) to a See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair in the Prussian university of See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle . The moment was a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical one in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• EDUCATION

education . The See also:

• LITERARY

literary impulse of the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance was almost spent; scholarship had become dry and trivial . A new school, that of See also:

• LOCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1791–1855)
• LOCKE, JOHN (1632-1704)
• LOCKE, MATTHEW (c. 1630-1677)

Locke and See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau, sought to make teaching more See also:

• MODERN

modern and more human, but at the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of See also:

• MENTAL

mental discipline and scientific aim . Wolf was eager to throw himself into the contest on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of antiquity . In Halle (1783-1807), by the force of his will and the enlightened aid of the ministers of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the See also:

• GREAT

Great, he was able to carryout his See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-cherished ideas and found the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of philology . Wolf defined philology broadly as `l know-ledge of human nature as exhibited in antiquity." The See also:

• MATTER

matter of such a science, he held, must be sought in the history and education of some highly cultivated nation, to be studied in written remains, See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• ART

art, and whatever else bears the See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp of See also:

• NATIONAL

national thought or skill . It has therefore to do with both history and See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, but primarily as a science of See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation, in which See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical facts and linguistic facts take their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place i11 an organic whole . Such was the ideal which Wolf had in his mind when he established the philological seminarium at Halle . Wolf's writings make little show in a library, and were always subordinate to his teaching .

During his time at Halle he published his commentary on the See also:

• LEPTINES

Leptines of See also:

• DEMOSTHENES

Demosthenes (1789)—which suggested to his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil, Aug . Boeckh, the Public See also:

• ECONOMY

Economy of See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens—and a little later the celebrated Prolegomena to Homer (1795) . This See also:

• BOOK

book, the See also:

• WORK

work with which his name is chiefly associated, was thrown off in See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative haste to meet an immediate need . It has all the merits of a great piece of oral teaching—command of method, suggestiveness, breadth of view . The reader does not feel that he has to do with a theory, but with great ideas, which are See also:

• LEFT

left to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit in his mind (see HOMER) . The publication led to an unpleasant polemic with Heyne, who absurdly accused him of reproducing what he had heard from him at Gottingen . The Halle professorship ended tragically, and with it the happy and productive See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of Wolf's life . He was swept away, and his university with him, by the See also:

• DELUGE, THE (through the Fr. from Lat. diluvium, flood, diluere, to wash away)

deluge of the French invasion . A painful gloom oppressed his remaining years (1807–1824), which he spent at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . He became so fractious and intolerant as to alienate some of his warmest See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . He gained a place in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of education, through the exertions of W. von See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt . When this became unendurable, he once more took a professorship .

But he no longer taught with his old success; and he wrote very little . His most finished work, the Darstellung der Alterthumswissenschaft, though published at Berlin (1807), belongs essentially to the Halle time . At length his See also:

• HEALTH

health gave way . He was advised to try the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . He got as far as See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles, and, dying there on the 8th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1824, was laid in the classic See also:

• SOIL

soil of that See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Hellenic See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark See also:

• PATTISON, MARK (1813-1884)

Pattison wrote an admirable See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of Wolf's life and work in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review of See also:

• JUNE

June 1865, reproduced in his Essays (1889); see also J . E . See also:

• SANDYS, FREDERICK (1832-1904)
• SANDYS, GEORGE (1578-1644)
• SANDYS, SIR EDWIN (1561-1629)

Sandys, Hist. of Class . Schol. iii . (1908), pp . 51-60 . Wolf's Kleine Schriften were edited by G .

See also:

• BERNHARDY, GOTTFRIED (1800–1875)

Bernhardy (Halle, 1869) . Works not included are the Prolegomena, the Letters to Heyne (Berlin, 1797), the commentary on the Leptines (Halle, 1789) and a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the Clouds of See also:

• ARISTOPHANES
• ARISTOPHANES (c. 448–385 B.e.1)

Aristophanes (Berlin, 1811) . To these must be added the Vorlesungen on Iliad i.-iv., taken from the notes of a pupil and edited by Usteri (See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern, 1830) . (D . B .