WOMEN  . The very word " woman " (0 . Eng. wlfmann), etymologically meaning a wife (or the wife See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the human See also:

• RACE

race, the See also:

• FEMALE

female of the See also:

• SPECIES

species Homo), sums up a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• HISTORY

history of dependence and subordination, from which the women of to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day have only gradually emancipated themselves in such parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world as come under " Western See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization." Though married See also:

• LIFE

life and its duties necessarily See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a predominant See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in the woman's See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere, they are not necessarily the whole of it; and the " woman's See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement " is essentially a struggle for the recognition of equality of opportunity with men, and for equal rights irrespective of See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex, even if See also:

• SPECIAL

special relations and conditions are willingly incurred under the form of See also:

• PARTNERSHIP (earlier forms, partener, parcener, from Late Lat. partionarius for partitionarius, from partitio, sharing, pars, part)

partnership involved in See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage . The difficulties of obtaining this recognition are obviously due to See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical causes combined with the habits and customs which history has produced . The dependent position of women in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law is proved by the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient systems which have in whole or Early taw. in See also:

• PART

part descended to us.' In the See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

Mosaic law See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce was a See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband only,' the See also:

• VOW (Lat. votum, vow, promise: cf. VOTE)

vow of a woman might be disallowed by her See also:

• FATHER

father or husband,' and daughters could inherit only in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of sons, and then they must marry in their tribe.' The See also:

• GUILT

guilt or innocence of a wife accused of See also:

• ADULTERY (from Lat. adulterium)

adultery might be tried by the See also:

• ORDEAL (O.Eng. ordal, ordael, judgment)

ordeal of the See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter See also:

• WATER

water.' Besides these instances, which illustrate the 1 But in the earliest extant See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code, however, that of Khammurabi, the position of women was See also:

• FREE

free and dignified . See BABYLONIAN LAW . 2 Deut. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv. r . 3 Numb. See also:

• XXX

xxx . 3 . ' Numb. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii., See also:

• XXXVI

xxxvi . 6 Numb. v. r r.subordination of women, there was much legislation dealing with, inter alia, offences against chastity, and marriage of a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man with a See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen woman or with a See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased slave . So far from second marriages being restrained, as they were by See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian legislation, it was the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of a childless widow to marry her deceased husband's See also:

• BROTHER

brother .

In See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India subjection was a See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal principle . " Day and See also:

• NIGHT

night must women be held by their protectors in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of dependence," says Manus The See also:

• RULE

rule of See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance was agnatic, that is, descent traced through See also:

• MALES

males to the exclusion of See also:

• FEMALES

females .? The See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual growth of stridhana, or See also:

• PROPERTY

property of a woman given by the husband before or after marriage, or by the wife's See also:

• FAMILY

family, may have led to the See also:

• SUTTEE (an English corruption of Sanskrit sail, " good woman " or true " wife ")

suttee, for both the family of the widow and the Brahmans had an See also:

• INTEREST

interest in getting the lite See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of a woman out of the way s Women in See also:

• HINDU

Hindu law had only limited rights of inheritance, and were disqualified as witnesses . In See also:

• ROMAN

Roman law a woman was even in historic times completely dependent . If married she and her property passed into the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of her husband; if unmarried she was (unless a vestal virgin) under the perpetual tutelage of her father during his life, and after his See also:

• DEATH

death of her See also:

• AGNATES (Agnati)

agnates, that is, those of her kinsmen by See also:

• BLOOD

blood or See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption who would have been under the power of the See also:

• COMMON

common ancestor had he lived . Failing agnates, the tutelage probably passed to the gens . The wife was the purchased property of her husband, and, like a slave, acquired only for his benefit . A woman could not exercise any See also:

• CIVIL

civil or public See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . In the words of See also:

• ULPIAN (DoMrrIus ULPIANUS)

Ulpian, " feminae ab See also:

• OMNIBUS (Lat. " for all ")

omnibus officiis civilibus vel publicis remotae sunt." 9 A woman could not continue a family, for she was "caput et finis familiae suae,"10 could not be a See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness, See also:

• SURETY

surety, See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor, or See also:

• CURATOR (Lat. for " one who takes care," curare, to take care of)

curator; she could not adopt or be adopted, or make a will or See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract . She could not succeed ab intestato as an agnate, if further removed than a See also:

• SISTER

sister . A daughter might be disinherited by a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general clause, a son only by name . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, a woman was privileged in some matters, but rather from a feeling of pity for her bodily weakness and presumed See also:

• MENTAL

mental incapacity" than for any more worthy See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason .

Thus she could plead See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of law as a ground for dissolving an See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation, which a man could not as a rule do; she could accuse only in cases of See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason and See also:

• WITCHCRAFT

witchcraft; and she was in certain cases exempt from See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture . In See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession ab intestata to immovable property Roman law did not, as does See also:

• ENGLISH

English, recognize any privilege of males over females . Legal disabilities were gradually mitigated by the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• FICTIONS

fictions, the praetorian See also:

• EQUITY (Lat. aequitas)

equity and legislation . An example of the first was the mode by which a woman freed herself from the authority of her tutor by fictitious cession into the authority of a tutor nominated by herself, or by See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of herself into the power of a nominal husband on the understanding that he was at once to emancipate her to another See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, who then manumitted her . The See also:

• ACTION

action of equity is illustrated by the recognition by the See also:

• PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

praetor of cognatic or natural as distinguished from agnatic or artificial relationship, and of a widow's claim to succeed on the death of her husband intestate and without relations . Legislation, beginning as early as the Twelve Tables, which for-bade excessive See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning for the dead by female mourners, did not progress uniformly towards enfranchisement of women . For instance, the Lex Voconia (about 169 B.C.), called by St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine the most unjust of all See also:

• LAWS

laws, provided that a woman could not be instituted See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir to a man who was registered as owner of a See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune of Soo,000 asses 12 A constitution of Valentinian I. forbade bequests by women to ecclesiastics . But the tendency 6 Ch. ix . § 2 (See also:

• SIR

Sir W . See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones's See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation) . ° Whether this was the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest rule of inheritance has been much debated . That See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child gave the See also:

• MOTHER

mother certain legal rights in a See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of society is the view of many writers .

See especially Das Mutterrecht of J . J . Bachofen (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1861) . s See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine, Early History of Institutions, lect. xi . 9 Dig. i . 16, 195 . 1° Ibid . 11 Imbecillitas is the See also:

• TERM

term used more than once in the texts of Roman law . 12 The way in which this law was evaded was by non-enrolment of the testator in the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census (see See also:

• MONTESQUIEU, CHARLES LOUIS DE SECONDAT, BARON DE LA BREDE ET DE (1689-1755)

Montesquieu, Esprit See also:

• DES

des lots, bk. xxvii.) . Another way was by leaving her the inheritance by fideicommissum (see See also:

• TRUST

TRUST) . of legislation was undoubtedly in the direction indicated . Adoption of women was allowed by See also:

• DIOCLETIAN (GAIUs AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS) (A.D. 245–313)
• DIOCLETIAN, EDICT OF (De Pretiis rerum venalium)

Diocletian and Maximian in 291 .

The tutelage of women of full See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age was removed by See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius, and, though afterwards in part revived, has disappeared by the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Justinian . This implied full testamentary and contractual See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty . In regard to the See also:

• SEPARATE

separate property of the married woman, the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of dos had by the time of Justinian long superseded the period of manus . The result was that, in spite of a few remaining disabilities, such as the general incapacity to be surety or witness to a will or contract, of a wife to make a See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift to her husband, of a widow to marry within a See also:

• YEAR

year of her husband's death, the position of women had become, in the words of Sir H . Maine, " one of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PERSONAL

personal and proprietary See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence."' For this improvement in their position they were largely indebted to the legislation of the Christian emperors, especially of Justinian, who prided himself on being a See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector of women . The following are a few of the matters in which See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity appears to have made alterations, generally but perhaps not always improvements, in the law . As a rule the influence of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church was exercised in favour of the abolition of the disabilities imposed by the older law upon See also:

• CELIBACY (Lat. caelibatus, from caelebs, unmarried)

celibacy and childlessness, of increased facilities for entering a professed religious life,' and of due See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision for the wife . The church also supported the See also:

• POLITICAL

political power of those who were her best See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . The See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Pulcheria or See also:

• IRENE

Irene would hardly have been endured in the days of the See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . Other cases in which Christianity probably exercised influence may be briefly stated . (I) All See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences in the law of succession ab intestato of males and females were abolished by Justinian . (2) The See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of mothers and grandmothers as tutors was sanctioned by the same See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor .

(3) He extended to all cases the principle established by the Senatus Consultum Tertullianum (158), enabling the mother of three (if a freed woman four) See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children to succeed to the property of her children who died intestate, and gave increased rights of succession to a widow . (4) The restrictions on the marriage of senators and other men of high See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank with women of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low rank were extended by See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine, but almost entirely removed by Justinian . (5) Second marriages were discouraged (especially by making it legal to impose a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that a widow's right to property should cease on re-marriage), and the Leonine Constitutions at the end of the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century made third marriages punishable . (6) The same constitutions made the See also:

• BENEDICTION (Lat. benedictio, from benedicere, to bless)

benediction of a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest a necessary part of the ceremony of marriage.3 The criminal law in its relation to women presents some points of interest . Adultery was punished with death by Constantine, but the See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty was reduced by Justinian to relegation to a See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent . A woman condemned for adultery could not re-marry . A marriage between a Christian and a See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew rendered the parties guilty of adultery . Severe laws were enacted against offences of unchastity, especially procurement and See also:

• INCEST (Lat. incestus, unchaste)

incest . It was a See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime to carry off or offer violence to a See also:

• NUN (O. Eng. nunne, from Lat. nonnus, nonna, familiar terms for an old man or woman)

nun . A wife could not commit furtum of her husband's goods, but he had a special action rerum amotarum against her . By several sumptuary constituticns, contained in the Code, bk. xi., women as well as men were subject to penalties for wearing See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress or ornaments (except rings) imitating those reserved for the emperor and his family . Actresses and women of See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad fame were not to See also:

• WEAR

wear the dress of virgins dedicated to See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

Heaven .

If a See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul had a wife or mother living with him, he was allowed to incur greater expense than if he lived alone . The interests of working women were protected by enactments for the regulation of the gynoecia, or workshops for See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning, See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing, &c . The See also:

• CANON

canon law; looking with disfavour on the female independence prevailing in the later Roman law, tended rather in the opposite direction . The Decretum specially inculcated subjection of the wife to the husband, and obedience to his will in all things.' The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief differences between canon and Roman law were in the law of marriage, especially in the introduction of publicity and of the formalities of the See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring and the See also:

• KISS

kiss . The benediction of a priest was made a necessary part of the ceremony, as indeed it had been made by the civil power, as has been already stated, in the See also:

• POST

post-Justinian period of Roman law . But in practice this rule appears to have fallen into disuse until it was again revived by the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent . It was, however, the Ancient Law, ch. v . Hence the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of such laws as the Lex Oppia (see SUMPTUARY LAWS) . A remarkable example of this tendency was the provision that an actress might leave the stage and break her contract of service with impunity in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to become a nun . Even under the pagan emperors a constitution of Diocletian and Maximian in 285 had enacted that no one was to be compelled to marry (See also:

• COD

Cod. v . 4, 14) . ' See R .

T . Troplong, De l'influence du christianisme sur le drost civil . ' Pt. ii. caus. xxxiii. qu. v. ch . 16.rule of the English common law after the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation . The ceremony was not to be performed during See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

Lent . The woman was to be veiled during the ceremony . A promise of marriage was so sacred that it made a subsequent marriage with another person void . Spiritual cognation was a See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar to marriage . The See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of the church was made necessary for divorce . As to women in general the law does not say very much . Women, even relatives, were not to live with priests unless in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of necessity . They were not to approach the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar or fill any public office of the church; nor might they lend See also:

• MONEY

money on See also:

• USURY

usury .

See also:

• BAPTISM

Baptism might be valid although administered by a woman . Women who had professed See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion could not be forced to give evidence as witnesses . In some cases the evidence of women was not receivable.' The early law of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern parts of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe is interesting from the different ways in which it treated women . In the words of Sir H . Maine'—" The position of women in these barbarous systems of inheritance varies very greatly . Sometimes they inherit, either as individuals or as classes, only when males of the same See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation have failed . Sometimes they do not inherit, but transmit a right of inheritance to their male issue . Sometimes they succeed to one See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of property, for the most part movable property, which they probably took a great See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in producing by their See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household labour; for example, in the real Salic law (not in the imaginary code) there is a set of rules of succession which, in my See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, clearly admit women and their descendants to a share in the inheritance of movable property, but confine See also:

• LAND

land exclusively to males and the descend-ants of males . . . . The See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea is that the proper mode of providing for a woman is by giving her a marriage portion; but, when she is once married into a separate community consisting of strangers in blood, neither she nor her children are deemed to have any further claim on the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent See also:

• GROUP

group." Among the Scandinavian races women were under perpetual tutelage, whether married or unmarried . The first to obtain freedom were the widows ? As See also:

• LATE

late as the code of Christian V., at the end of the 17th century, it was enacted that if a woman married without the consent of her tutor he might have, if he wished, See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration and usufruct of her goods during her life.$ The provision made by the Scandinavian laws under the name of See also:

• MORNING

morning-gift was perhaps the parent of the See also:

• MODERN

modern settled property .9 The Brehon law of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland excepted women from the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary course of the law .

They could distrain or contract only in certain named cases, and See also:

• DISTRESS

distress upon their property was regulated by special rules . In the pre-See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest codes in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England severe laws were denounced against unchastity, and by a law of Canute a woman was to lose See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose and ears for adultery . The laws of See also:

• ATHELSTAN (c. 894-940)

Athelstan contained the peculiarly brutal provision for the See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of a female slave convicted of See also:

• THEFT

theft by her being burned alive by eighty other female slaves . Other laws were directed against the practice of witchcraft (q.v.) by women . Monogamy was enforced both by the civil and ecclesiastical law; and second and third marriages involved See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance . A glimpse of See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty in the household is afforded by the provision, occurring no less than three times in the ecclesiastical legislation, that if a woman scourged her female slave to death she must do penance . Traces of wife-See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase are seen in the law of Ethelbert, enacting that if a man carry off a See also:

• FREEMAN
• FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892)

freeman's wife he must at his own expense procure the husband another wife . The codes contain few provisions as to the property of married women, but those few appear to prove that she was in a better position than at a later ' On this See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the subject see Manssen's Het Christendom en de Vrouw (See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, 1,877) . 8 Early Law and See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

Custom, ch. v . 7 See Stiernhook, De jure Sveonum (See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm, 1672), bk. ii. ch. i.; Messenius, Leges Svecorum (Stockholm, 1714) . 8 Bk. iii. ch. xvi . §§ 1, 2 .

9 The development of the See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride-See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price no doubt was in the same direction . Its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original meaning was, however, different . It was the sum paid by the husband to the wife's family for the purchase of part of the family property, while the morning gift was paid as return virginitatis to the bride herself . In its English form morning-gift occurs in the laws of Canute; in its Latinized form of morgangiva it occurs in the Leges Henrici Primi . period . The laws of See also:

• INE

Ine gave her a third of her husband's property; the laws of See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund as to See also:

• BETROTHAL (A.S. treowth, " truth ")

betrothal allowed this to be increased to See also:

• HALF

half by antenuptial contract, to the whole if she had children and did not re-marry after her husband's death . No doubt the See also:

• DOWER (through the Old Fr. douaire from late Lat. dotarium, classical Lat. dos, dowry)

dower ad ostium ecclesiae favoured by the church generally superseded the legal rights where the property was large (in fact this is specially provided by Magna Carta, c . 7) . "Provisio hominis tollit provisionem legis." The legal rights of a married woman apart from contract were gradually limited, until by the time of See also:

• GLANVILL (or GLANVIL), JOSEPH (1636-168o)
• GLANVILL, RANULF DE (sometimes written GLANVIL, GLANVILLE) (d. 1190)

Glanvill her person and property had become during her husband's lifetime entirely at his disposal, and after his death limited to her dower and her pars rationabilis . A few of the more interesting matters in which the old common and See also:

• STATUTE

statute law of England placed women in a special position may be noticed . A woman was exempt from legal duties more particularly attaching to men and not performable by See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy . She could apparently originally not hold a proper See also:

• FEUD

feud, i.e. one of which the See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure was by military service.' The same principle appears in the rule that she could not be endowed of a See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle maintained for the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• REALM

realm and not for the private use of the owner .

She could receive See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage, but not render it in the form used by men, and she was privileged from suit and service at the See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff's tourn . She was not sworn to the law by the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance in the feet or tourn, and so could not be outlawed, but was said to be waived . She could be See also:

• CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
• CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
• CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
• CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
• CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)

constable, either of a castle or a See also:

• VILL

vill, but not sheriff, unless in the one case of See also:

• WESTMORLAND
• WESTMORLAND, EARLS OF

Westmorland, an hereditary office, exercised in person in the 17th century by the famous See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne, countess of See also:

• DORSET, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Dorset, See also:

• PEMBROKE
• PEMBROKE (Penfro)
• PEMBROKE, EARLS OF

Pembroke and See also:

• MONTGOMERY
• MONTGOMERY ( Tre' Faldwyn)
• MONTGOMERY, GABRIEL, SEIGNEUR DE LORGES, COMTE DE (c. 1530-1574)
• MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1854)
• MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855)

Montgomery . In certain cases a woman could transmit rights which she could not enjoy . On such a power of trans-See also:

• MISSION

mission, as Sir H . Maine shows,2 rested the claim of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III. to the See also:

• CROWN

crown of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . The claim through a woman was not a See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French constitutional law, which rejected the claim of a woman . The See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of a woman's political influence is strikingly shown by the case of Alice See also:

• PERRERS (or DE WINDSOR), ALICE (d. 1400)

Perrers, the See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress of Edward III . She was accused of breaking an See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance by which women had been forbidden to do business for hire and by way of See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance in the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court .3 By Magna Carta a woman could not accuse a man of See also:

• MURDER

murder except of that of her husband . This See also:

• DISABILITY

disability no doubt arose from the fact that in trial by See also:

• BATTLE

battle she naturally did not appear in person but by a See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion . She was not admitted as a witness to prove the status of a man on the question arising whether he were free or a villein . She could not appoint a testamentary See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian, and could only be a guardian even of her own children to a limited extent .

Her will was revoked by marriage, that of a man only by marriage and the subsequent birth of a child . By 31 See also:

• HEN

Hen . VI. c . 9 the king's See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ out of See also:

• CHANCERY

chancery was granted to a woman alleging that she had become See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound by an obligation through force or See also:

• FRAUD (Lat. fraus, deceit)

fraud . By 39 Hen . VI. c . 2 a woman might have See also:

• LIVERY

livery of land as heiress at fourteen . Benefit of See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy was first allowed to women partially by 21 Jac . I. c . 6, fully by 3 Will . & M. c 9 and 4 and 5 Will . & M. c .

24 . Public See also:

• WHIPPING, or FLOGGING

whipping was not abolished until 57 Geo . III. c . 75, whipping in all cases until 1 Geo . IV. c . 57 . Burning was the punishment specially appropriated to' women convicted of treason or witchcraft . A,case of sentence to See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution by burning for See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

petit treason occurred as lately as 1784 . In some old statutes very curious sumptuary regulations as to women's dress occur . By the sumptuary laws of Edward III. in 1363 (37 Edw . III. cc . 8-14) women were in general to be dressed according to the position of their fathers or husbands .

Wives and daughters of servants were not to wear veils above twelvepence in value . Handicraftsmen's and yeomen's wives were not to wear See also:

• SILK

silk veils . The use of See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur was confined to the ladies of knights with a rental above 200 marks a year . Careful observance of difference of rank in the dress was also inculcated by 3 Edw IV. c . 5 . The wife or daughter of a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight was not to wear See also:

• CLOTH

cloth of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold or See also:

• SABLE
• SABLE, AMERICAN
• SABLE, CHINESE
• SABLE, MADELEINE DE SOUVRE, MARQUISE DE (1599—1678)
• SABLE, RUSSIAN

sable fur, of a knight-See also:

• BACHELOR (from Med. Lat. baccalarius, with its late and rare variant baccalaris—cf. Ital. baccalare—through O. Fr. bacheler)

bachelor not See also:

• VELVET

velvet, of an See also:

• ESQUIRE (0. Fr. escuyer, Mod. Fr. ecuyer, derived through the form escudier from Med. Lat. scutarius, " shield-bearer ")

esquire or See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman not velvet, satin or See also:

• ERMINE

ermine, of a labourer not clothes beyond a certain price or a See also:

• GIRDLE (O. Eng. gyrdel, from gyrdan, to gird; cf. Ger. Gurtel, Dutch gordel, from giirten and gorden; "gird" and its doublet " girth " together with the other Teutonic cognates have been referred by some to the root ghar—to seize, enclose, seen in Gr. )(s

girdle garnished with See also:

• SILVER

silver . By 22 Edw . IV. c . 1, cloth of gold and See also:

• PURPLE

purple silk were confined to women of the royal family . It is worthy of See also:

• NOTICE

notice that at the times of passing these sumptuary laws the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade interests of women were protected by the legislature . By 37 Edw . III. c .

6, handicraftsmen were to use only one See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery, but women might See also:

• WORK

work as they had been accustomed 3 Edw . IV. c . 3 ' It is remarkable that the great fiefs of France, except the Isle of France, the special apanage of the crown, all became in time female fiefs . This is shown by the table at the end of Laboulaye's Recherches . 2 Early Law and Custom, ch. v, ' Rot . Parl., vol. iii. p . 12.forbade importation of silk and See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace by See also:

• LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards and other See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien strangers, imagining to destroy the See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft of the silk spinsters and all such virtuous occupations for women . In some cases the wives and daughters of tradesmen were allowed to assist in the trades of their husbands and fathers; see, for instance, the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act concerning tanners, 1 Jac . I. c . 22 . Some trading corporations, such as the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East India See also:

• COMPANY

Company, recognized no distinction of sex in their members . The disabilities imposed on women by substantive law are sometimes traceable in the early law of See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure .

For instance, by the Statute of Essoins (12 Edw . II. st . 2), essoin de servitio regis did not See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie where the party was a woman; that is, a woman (with a few exceptions) could not excuse her absence from court by alleging that she was on public duty . The influence of the church is very clearly traceable in some of the earlier criminal legislation . Thus by 13 Edw . I. st . 1, c . 34, it was punishable with three years' imprisonment to carry away a nun, even with her consent . The Six Articles, 31 Hen . VIII. c . 14, forbade marriage and See also:

• CONCUBINAGE
• CONCUBINAGE (Lat. concubina, a concubine; from con-, with, and cubare, to lie)

concubinage of priests and sanctioned vows of chastity by women . In See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, as early as Regiam Majestatem (12th century) women were the See also:

• OBJECT

object of special legal regulation .

In that work the mercheta mulieris (probably a tax paid to the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord on the marriage of his See also:

• TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenant's daughter) was fixed at a sum differing according to the rank of the woman . Numerous ancient laws dealt with trade and sumptuary matters . By the Leges Quatuor Burgorum female brewsters making bad See also:

• ALE

ale were to forfeit eightpence and be put on the tucking-See also:

• STOOL

stool, and were to set an ale-wand outside their houses under a penalty of fourpence . The same laws also provided that a married woman committing a trespass without her husband's knowledge might be chastised like a child under age . The Statuta Gilde of the 13th century enacted that a married woman might not buy See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool in the streets or buy more than a limited amount of oats . The same code also ensured a provision for the daughter of one of the gild-brethren unable to provide for herself through poverty, either by marrying her or putting her in a convent . By the act 1429, c . 9, wives were to be arrayed after the estate of their husbands . By 1457, c . 13, no woman was to go to church with her See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face covered so that she could not be known . 1581, c . 18, was conceived in a more liberal spirit, and allowed women to wear any See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-dress to which they had been accustomed .

1621, c . 25, permitted servants to wear their mistress's See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast-off clothes . 1681, c . 80, contained the remarkable provision that not more than two changes of raiment were to be made by a bride at her See also:

• WEDDING

wedding . In its more modern aspect the law is in most respects similar to that of England . (J . W.) In separate legal articles See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention is See also:

• DRAWN

drawn, on various subjects, to any special provisions or disabilities affecting modern women; see, for instance, EVIDENCE, DIVORCE, English MARRIAGE, CHILDREN (Law See also:

• RELATING

relating to), See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

INFANT, law HUSBAND AND WIFE . The movement for removing specially the older disabilities has progressed at such different affecting women . rates in various countries that it is impossible to do more than See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note here the chief distinctions remaining under English law in 191o . Civil Rights.—The age at which a girl can contract a valid marriage, in English law, is, following the Roman law, twelve; she is thus two years in advance of a boy, who must be fourteen . Under the:Infants See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

Settlement Act 1855, a valid settlement could be made by a woman at seventeen with the approval of the court, the age for a man being twenty; by the Married Women's Property Act 1907 any settlement by a husband of his wife's property is not valid unless executed by her if she is of full age, or confirmed by her after she attains full age . An unmarried woman is liable for the support of illegitimate children till they attain the age of sixteen .

She is generally assisted, in the absence of agreement, by an See also:

• AFFILIATION (from Lat. ad filiare, to adopt as a son)

affiliation order granted by magistrates . A married woman having separate property is, under the Married Women's Property Acts 1882 and 1908, liable for the support of her parents, husband, children and grandchildren becoming chargeable to any See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union or See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish . At common law the father was entitled as against the mother to the custody of a legitimate child up to the age of sixteen, and could only forfeit such right by misconduct . But the Court of Chancery, wherever there was trust property and the infant could be made a See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)