See also:

• WOODCOCK (O. Eng. wude-cocc, wudu-coc, and wudu-snite)

WOODCOCK (O. Eng. wude-cocc, wudu-coc, and wudu-snite)  , the Scolopax rusticula 1 of See also:

• ORNITHOLOGY

ornithology, a See also:

• GAME

game-See also:

• BIRD

bird which is prized both by the sportsman and for its excellence for the table . It has a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• BILL

bill, See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short legs and large eyes--suggestive of its nocturnal or See also:

• CREPUSCULAR (from Lat. crepusculum, twilight)

crepuscular habits—with mottled plumage of See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut- and See also:

• UMBER

umber-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, ashy-See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey, See also:

• BUFF (from Fr. bu.ffie, a buffalo)

buff and shining See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white—the last being confined to the tip of the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the tail-quills, but the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest intermixed for the most See also:

• PART

part in beautiful See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination . Setting aside the many extreme aberrations from the normal colouring which examples of this See also:

• SPECIES

species occasionally See also:

• PRESENT

present (and some of them are extremely curious, not to say beautiful), there is much variation to be almost constantly observed in the plumage of individuals, in some of which the richer tints prevail while others exhibit a greyer coloration . This variation is often, but not always, accompanied by a variation in See also:

• SIZE

size or at least in See also:

• WEIGHT

weight ? The paler birds are generally the larger, but the difference, whether in bulk or tint, cannot be attributed to See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex, See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season or, so far as can be ascertained, to locality . It is, notwithstanding, a very See also:

• COMMON

common belief among sportsmen that there are two " species " of See also:

• WOODCOCK (O. Eng. wude-cocc, wudu-coc, and wudu-snite)

woodcock, and many persons of experience will have it that, beside the See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences just named, the " little red woodcock " invariably flies more sharply than the other . However, a sluggish behaviour is not really associated with See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, though it may possibly be correlated with weight—for it is quite conceivable that a ,See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat bird will rise more slowly, when flushed, than one which is in poor See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . Ornithologists are practically unanimous in declaring against the existence of two " species " or even " races," and, moreover, in agreeing that the sex of the bird cannot be determined from its plumage, though there are a few who believe that the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young of the See also:

• YEAR

year can be discriminated from the adults by having the See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• WEB (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Du. webbe, Dan. vaev, Ger. Gewebe, all from the Teutonic wabh—to weave)

web of the first See also:

• QUILL

quill-See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather in the wing marked with angular notches of a See also:

• LIGHT

light colour, while the old birds have no trace of this " vandyke " See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament . Careful dissections, weighings and measurings seem to show that the male varies most in size; on an See also:

• AVERAGE

average he is slightly heavier than the See also:

• FEMALE

female, yet some of the lightest birds have proved to be cocks.' Though there are probably few if any counties in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom in which the woodcock does not almost yearly breed, especially since a " See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time " has been afforded by the legislature for the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the species, there can be no doubt that by far the greater number of those shot in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Islands have come from 1 By See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus, and many others after him, misspelt rusticola . The correct See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny and the older writers seems to have been first restored in 1816.by See also:

• OKEN, LORENZ (1779-1851)

Oken (Zoologie, ii. p . 589) . 2 The difference in weight is very See also:

• GREAT

great, though this seems to have been exaggerated by some writers .

A friend who has had much experience tells us that the heaviest bird he ever knew weighed 164 oz., and the lightest 9 oz. and a fraction . 'Cf . Dr See also:

• HOFFMANN, AUGUST HEINRICH (1798–1874)
• HOFFMANN, ERNST THEODOR WILHELM (1776-1822)
• HOFFMANN, JOHANN JOSEPH (1805-1878)

Hoffmann's monograph See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Waldschnepfe, ed . 2, p . 35, published at See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart in 1887 . abroad,—mostly, it is presumed, from Scandinavia . These arrive on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast in autumn—generally about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of See also:

• OCTOBER

October —often in an exhausted and impoverished See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . If unmolested, they are soon rested, pass inland, and, as would appear, in a marvellously short time recover their condition . Their future destination seems to be greatly influenced by the state of the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather . If See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold or See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

frost stop their See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food on the eastern side of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain they See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press onward and, letting alone See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, into which the immigrant stream is See also:

• PRETTY

pretty See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant, often See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd into the extreme See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, as See also:

• DEVONSHIRE (DEvoN)
• DEVONSHIRE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Devonshire and See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall, and to the Isles of Scilly, while not a few betake themselves to the unknown ocean, finding there doubtless a watery See also:

• GRAVE

grave, though instances are on See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of examples having successfully crossed the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic and reaching See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland, New See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey and See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia . With regard to the woodcock which breed in Britain, pairing takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February and the eggs are laid often before the middle of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March . These are four in number, of a yellowish cream-colour blotched and spotted with reddish brown, and seldom take the pyriform shape so common among those of Limicoline birds .

The See also:

• NEST

nest—always made on the ground amid trees or underwood, and usually near See also:

• WATER

water or at least in a See also:

• DAMP

damp locality—is at first little more than a slight hollow in the See also:

• SOIL

soil, but as See also:

• INCUBATION

incubation proceeds dead leaves are collected around its margin until a considerable See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass is accumulated . During this season the male woodcock performs at See also:

• TWILIGHT

twilight flights of a remarkable See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, repeating evening after evening (and it is believed at See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn also) precisely the same course, which generally describes a triangle, the sides of which may be a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of a mile or more long . On these occasions the bird's See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance on the wing is quite unlike that which it presents when hurriedly flying after being flushed, and though its See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed is great the beats of the wings are steady and slow . At intervals an extraordinary See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound is produced, whether from the See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat of the bird, as is commonly averred, or from the plumage is uncertain . This characteristic See also:

• FLIGHT

flight is in some parts of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England called " roading," and the track taken by the bird a " See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock-road." ' In England in former times See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage was taken of this See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit to catch the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple performer in nets called cock-shutts," which were hung between trees across the open glades or rides of a See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . A still more interesting See also:

• MATTER

matter in relation to the breeding of woodcocks is the fact, finally established on See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, that the old birds transport their newly hatched offspring, presumably to places where food is more accessible . The young are clasped between the thighs of the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent, whose legs hang down during the operation, while the bill is to some extent, possible only at starting, brought into operation to assist in adjusting the load if not in bearing it through the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air.2 Woodcock inhabit suitable localities across the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern part of the Old See also:

• WORLD

World, from Ireland to See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, migrating southward towards autumn . As a species they are said to be See also:

• RESIDENT

resident in the See also:

• AZORES (Acores), or WESTERN ISLANDS

Azores and other Atlantic Islands; but they are not known to penetrate very far into See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa during the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, though in many parts of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India they are abundant during the cold weather, and reach even See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon and See also:

• TENASSERIM

Tenasserim . The popular belief that woodcock live " by suction " is perhaps hardly yet exploded; but those who have observed them in confinement know that they have an almost insatiable appetite for earthworms, which the birds seek by probing soft ground with their highly sensitive and flexible bill.' This fact seems to have been first placed on record by See also:

• BOWLES, SAMUEL (1826–1878)
• BOWLES, WILLIAM LISLE (1762–185o)

Bowles,4 who noticed it in the royal See also:

• AVIARY (from Lat. avis, a bird)

aviary at See also:

• SAN

San Ildefonso in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, and it has been corroborated by other observers, and especially by See also:

• MONTAGU (Family)
• MONTAGU (or MOUNTAGUE), RICHARD (1577-1641)
• MONTAGU, ELIZABETH ROBINSON (1720-1800)
• MONTAGU, LADY MARY WORTLEY (1689–1762)
• MONTAGU, RALPH, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1638-1709)

Montagu, who discovered that See also:

• BREAD

bread and See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk made an excellent substitute for their See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary food . They also do well on chopped raw See also:

• MEAT

meat . The eastern part of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America possesses a woodcock, much smaller than, though generally (and especially in habits) similar to, that of the Old See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . It is the Scolopax See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor of most authors; but, chiefly on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its having the outer three primaries remarkably attenuated, it has been placed in a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate genus, Philohela .

In See also:

• JAVA

Java is found a distinct and curiously coloured species, described and figured by Horsfield (Trans . Linn . Society, xiii. p . 191, and Zoolog . Researches, pl.) as S. saturate . To this H . Seebohm (See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

Distribution of the See also:

• FAMILY

Family Charadriidae, p . 506) referred the S. rosenbergi of See also:

• SCHLEGEL, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1767-1845)
• SCHLEGEL, JOHANN ELIAS (1719-1749)
• SCHLEGEL, KARL WILHELM FRIEDRICH VON (1772-1829)

Schlegel (Nederl . Tijds. v. d . Dierkunde, iv. p . 54) from New See also:

• GUINEA

Guinea . Another species is S. rochusseni from the See also:

• MOLUCCAS, or SPICE ISLANDS

Moluccas ; this has, like the See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe, the lower part of the See also:

• TIBIA

tibia See also:

• BARE

bare of feathers .

(A . N.) 1 The See also:

• ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology and consequently the correct spelling of these expressions seem to be very uncertain . Some would derive the word from the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French roder, to rove or wander, but others connect it with the Scandinavian rods, an open space in a wood (see Notes and Queries, See also:

• SER

ser . 5, ix. p . 214, and ser . 6, viii. pp . 523, 524) . Looking to the See also:

• REGULAR

regular routine followed by the bird, the natural supposition would be that it is simply an application of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English word road . 2 Cf . J . E . Harting, Zoologist (1899), pp .

433-440, and Mr See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf's excellent See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration . See also:

• SIR

Sir R . See also:

• PAYNE, PETER (c. 138o-1455)

Payne-Gallwey, in the " See also:

• BADMINTON, or GREAT BADMINTON

Badminton Library " (See also:

• SHOOTING

Shooting, ii. p . 118, See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note), states that he himself has witnessed the performance . ' The pair of muscles said by Loche (Expl . Scient. de l'Algirie, ii. p . 293) to exist in the maxilla, and presumably to See also:

• DIRECT

direct the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of the bill, do not seem to have been precisely described . 41ntroduccion a la historia natural y a la geografia fiscia de Espana, pp . 454, 455 (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1775) .